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Name ___KEY_________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 Unit 8: Genetics & Heredity Aside from these genetics problems, you can use "Problem Sets" from the Unit 8/9 webpage (answer keys are also on the same page). http://mrsg-mbiology200.wikispaces.com/Unit+08+%26+09--Genetics%2C+Heredity%2C+%26+Human+Genetic+Disorders+%28200%29 A pea plant is heterozygous (hybrid) for round seeds, a second pea plant has wrinkled seeds. 1. Which trait is dominant? ____round seeds______ 2. Which trait is recessive? _____ wrinkled seeds _______________ 3. Let R = ____ round seeds________________ 4. Let r = _____ wrinkled seeds _______________ 5. What is genotype of the pea plant with round seeds? __Rr __ 6. What is genotype of the pea plant with wrinkled seeds? __rr__ 7. On the Punnett Square to the right, show the possible genotypes of the offspring if these two pea plants were crossed. 8. What is the probability that these two plants will produce offspring with wrinkled seeds? ____2____ out of 4 Human blood types are determined by three alleles. Because there are 3 alleles this is called multiple alleles. 9. The three alleles are: __ A__, __ B__, and __ o__. a. The alleles for __ A__ and __ B__ are codominant and the allele for __ o__ is recessive. 10. Each person only inherits __ 2__ of the 3 alleles because we inherit __ 1__ allele from our mother and __1__ allele from our father. 11. There are a total of six different genotypes: a. If a person has type A blood, they can have the genotypes __ AA__ or __ Ao__. b. If a person has type B blood, they can have the genotypes __ BB__ or __ Bo__. c. If a person has type AB blood, they can only have the genotype __ AB__. i. Why? b/c the alleles for A & B are codominant & are both expressed equally d. If a person has type o blood, they can only have the genotype __ oo__. Name ___KEY_________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 i. Why? b/c the allele for o is recessive, and to be expressed, it must be homozygous (pure) since even one dominant allele would “block” out the recessive allele A biology student with Type o blood is surprised and shocked to learn that her father has Type A and her mother has type B blood. (Use the symbols A, B, o to stand for each allele.) 12. What are the father's 2 possible genotypes if he has type A blood? o __AA__ OR __Ao__ 13. What are the mother's 2 possible genotypes if she has type B blood? o __BB__ OR __Bo__ 14. Is it possible that this student’s parents are both the true biological parents? Use the Punnett Square to the right to show if they could have a child with type o blood. (Use the symbols A, B, o to stand for each allele.) Yes, it is possible that both of the student’s parents are the true biological parents b/c if they are both heterozygous for their blood types, they could have an offspring with a genotype of oo which would result in type o blood. Unit 9: Human Genetic Disorders In humans, colorblindness is a recessive seX-linked trait. Let: XC = allele for normal color vision Xc = allele for colorblindness Y = no allele A man who is colorblind mates with a woman who is a carrier. 15. What is dad's genotype? __XcY__ 16. What is mom's genotype? __XCXc___________ 17. Use the Punnett Square to the right to show the possible genotypes of their offspring. 18. What is the chance that any of their children will be colorblind? __ 2__ out of 4 Name ___KEY_________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 Unit 10: Evolution 19. Define "evolution". theory that species (or populations) have changed gradually over time… evolves as allele frequencies (%) (how often an allele occurs) change due to natural selection 20. Do individuals evolve? Explain you reasoning. No… an individual’s genes stay the same… 21. Do populations evolve? Explain your reasoning. Yes, b/c a population’s gene pool (total genes) may change 22. What are 4 types of indirect evidence for evolution? Fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, comparative biochemistry (DNA, amino acids, proteins) 23. What do we mean by "direct evidence" for evolution (examples of which are pesticide resistant insects and antibiotic resistant bacteria)? Evidence of evolution that can actually be seen happening over a short period of time 24. Define & give examples of homologous structures. homologous structures are similar structures w/ modifications (& are becoming more different… divergent evolution) & are evidence of common ancestor ex. human arm, bat wing, bird wing, whale flipper… similar bone structures w/ some minor changes 25. Define & give examples of analogous structures. analogous structures are structures that have a similar function, but not structure due to similar environment/use (becoming more similar… convergent evolution)… do NOT have common ancestor ex. fly’s wing & bird’s wing… both for flying, but made differently (fly no bones & bird has bones) 26. Define & give examples of vestigial structures. vestigial structures are structures with reduced size or function & often no apparent use anymore… evidence that organism has changed… ex. hip bones in whales, 3rd eyelid in human 27. What are Darwin's 4 main points related to his "Theory of Natural Selection". Give a brief description/example of each. Overproduction (of offspring): more offspring are produced than survive, so that some may live to reproduce Struggle to survive: more organisms than resources to go around leads to competition Variation (w/in a population): range of traits w/in population due to… sexual reproduction, crossing over during meiosis, arrangement of chromosomes during meiosis, mutations (NOT a response to the environment , just happen to be useful) Name ___KEY_________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 Successful reproduction: those organisms w/ traits that are beneficial will be the ones that generally survive, reproduce, & pass on their genes (“survival of the fittest”)… more offspring have favorable adaptation than before Unit 11: Classification 28. Using the chart below, indicated the characteristics of organisms in each domain/kingdom. 3 Domain system Archaea 5 kingdom system prokaryotic (no nucleus)/ eukaryotic (nucleus) unicellular (one cell)/ multicellular (more than one cell) autotrophic (makes own food)/ heterotrophic (does not make own food) cell wall/ no cell wall examples Bacteria Monera Eukaryota (Eukarya) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic unicellular Unicellular (usually) Multicellular (usually) multicellular multicellular either Either heterotrophic autotrophic Cell wall NO cell wall bacteria Cell wall (made of chitin) Amoeba, Mushrooms, Paramecium, molds, yeast Euglena Cell wall (made of cellulose) Tree, grass, flower Eukaryotic heterotrophic NO cell wall Human, dog, Hydra, worm 29. What are the 8 taxa (groups) used for classification? Put them in order from broadest (most general) to narrowest (most specific). Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 30. If you are in the same family, are you definitely part of the same kingdom? _____(yes/no)_____ 31. If you are in the same order, are you definitely part of the same genus? _____(yes/no)_____ 32. What is "binomial nomenclature"? Linnaeus was the 1st to consistently use binomial nomenclature… 2 name system… written as: Genus species or Genus species… Genus = 1st name, capitalized & species = 2nd name, lower case & descriptive • Ex. Common name Genus & species Name ___KEY_________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 • Humans Homo sapiens • White Oak tree Quercus alba 33. What is a "dichotomous key"? a tool used to classify organisms (or objects) by using paired opposing statements/questions/characteristics 34. Use the key provided below to identify the creatures below. Write the “letter name” on the line to the left of the object. _B_ _A_ _E_ _D_ _C_ Creatures Dichotomous Key 1a. creature has a wide head……………………..go to 2 3a. creature has 3 eyes……………………………….B 1b. creature does not have a wide head…….go to 4 3b. creature does not have 3 eyes……………..C 2a. creature has a star on its body……………..go to 3 2b. creature does not have a star on its body…..A 4a. creature has a mouth……………………………D 4b. creature does not have a mouth…………..E Unit 12: Ecosystems (& Populations) 35. Define and give an example of a "community" (in the scientific sense). All of the organisms living & interacting in an area ex. all of the people, cats, birds, worms, trees, etc. in Darien 36. Define and give an example of an "ecosystem". All of the living & non-living things in an area ex. all of the people, cats, birds, worms, trees, water, air, soil etc. 37. Define and give an example of a "population" (in the scientific sense). Name ___KEY_________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 All organisms of the same type living & interacting in an area ex. all of the white oak trees in Darien 38. What is a limiting factor? limiting factors are circumstances or resources that limit growth, reproduction, or distribution of organisms… provide environmental resistance & prevent population from growing indefinitely (stop when reach “carrying capacity”) 39. Give examples of biotic limiting factors. Competition, predation, disease, symbiosis, etc. Usually described in terms of interactions especially who eats whom or trophic levels. 40. Give examples of abiotic limiting factors. Water, temperature, light, pH, salinity, oxygen, soil, nutrients, etc. 41. How do limiting factors affect population size? Limiting factors prevent population from growing indefinitely (stop when reach “carrying capacity”) 42. Define "symbiosis". Symbiosis is when 2 species live closely together in a relationship over time. 43. Define and give an example of "commensalism". Symbiotic relationship in which one partner benefits from the relationship & the other neither benefits, nor is harmed (+, 0)… ex. insect that eats fur that falls off of deer benefits (+), deer is not affected (0) 44. Define and give an example of "mutualism". Symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit from the relationship (+, +). Ex. relationship between sea anemones & clownfish: the anemones provide the fish with protection from predators & the fish defend the anemones against butterflyfish eat anemones 45. Define and give an example of "parasitism". Symbiotic relationship in which one partner benefits (parasite) & the other is harmed (but not usually killed) (host) (+, -)… ex. mosquito (parasite) & human (host) Name ___KEY_________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 46. Define and give an example of "predation". Symbiotic relationship in which one partner benefits (predator) & the other is harmed (killed) (prey) (+, -)… ex. hawk (predator) & mouse (prey) Unit 13: Reproduction 47. How do offspring compare to their parent(s) genetically in asexual reproduction? ... in sexual reproduction? In asexual reproduction they are genetically the same… In sexual reproduction they are genetically different… 48. Write the name of each numbered part on the line with the same number. 3 4 8 9 1 5 6 2 1. ____petal_________________________ 3. ____stigma________________________ 2. ____sepal_________________________ 4. ____style__________________________ Name ___KEY_________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 5. ____ovary_____________________________ 8. ____anther_______________________________ 6. ____ovule________________________________ 9. ____filament_____________________________ 7. = 3 + 4+ 5 together ____ pistil (carpel)_________ 10. = 8 + 9 together ____stamen_________________ 49. Write the name of the flower part that is described by each statement on the line. The entire female structure of the flower _____pistil (carpel)______________________________________ The entire male structure of the flower ______stamen___________________________________________ The sticky tip (of the female structure) that helps trap pollen ____stigma____________________________ The part (of the male structure) that makes pollen _____anther______________________________ The long narrow tube (of the female structure) that pollen travels down to the egg ___style____________ The stalk (part of the male structure) that supports the part that makes pollen ___filament_______________ The swollen base (of the female structure) that contains the ovules ____ovary_______________________ The structure that (is neither female nor male and) protects the young flower bud ___sepal____________ Name ___ KEY _________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 The part (of the female structure) where eggs are produced ____ovule_____________________________ The structure that (is neither female nor male and) is usually brightly colored and often scented (in order to attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies) ____ petal________________________________ 50. Label the parts of the male reproductive system diagram below by writing the letter from the diagram on the line next to the name of the part. Letters will only be used once. ____B______ accessory glands ___D______ scrotum ____C ______ epididymis ___E_______ testes ____G______ penis ___F_______ urethra ___A_______ vas deferens G 51. Write the name of the part of the male reproductive system that is described by each statement on the line. tube that joins the epididymis to the urethra & transports mature sperm in preparation for ejaculation _______vas deferens_____________________ add seminal fluids to sperm to form semen ___accessory glands_________________________ loose pouch of skin that hangs behind the penis; contains the testes & helps to regulate their temperature ______ scrotum______________________ Name ___ KEY _________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 tube running through the penis that expels semen during ejaculation & carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body (in males) ____urethra________________________ stores sperm & brings them to maturity (after formation) ___epididymis_________________________ produce sperm in seminiferous tubules _____ testes_______________________ used to insert sperm into the vagina _____penis_______________________ 52. Label the parts of the female reproductive system diagram below by writing the letter from the diagram on the line next to the name of the part. Letters will only be used once. ___E_______ cervix ___A_______ ovary ___B______ fallopian tube (oviduct) ___C_______ uterus ___D_______ vagina E 53. Write the name of the part of the female reproductive system that is described by each statement on the line. tube that joins the cervix to the outside of the body; also known as the birth canal _________vagina___________________ Name ___ KEY _________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 the lower part/opening of uterus; allows sperm to enter & menstrual blood to exit the uterus ________cervix____________________ narrow tubes attached to the upper part of the uterus; serve as tunnels for the eggs to travel from the ovaries to the uterus, fertilization normally occurs here ______fallopian tube (oviduct)______________________ fertilized egg normally implants here; home to developing fetus (womb) ___uterus_______________________ small, oval-shaped glands; produce eggs & hormones _____ovary_______________________ Unit 14: Nutrition and Digestion 54. Label the parts of the human digestive system diagram below by writing the letter from the diagram on the line next to the name of the part. Letters will only be used once. ____H______ anus ____K______ liver ____A______ salivary glands ____C______ epiglottis ____M______ mouth ____F______ small intestine ____L______ esophagus ____E______ pancreas ____D______ stomach ____J______ gall bladder ____B______ pharynx ____I______ large intestine ____G______ rectum Name ___ KEY _________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 A M B A C L K J D E I F G H 55. Write the name of the part of the human digestive system that is described by each statement on the line. produces bile ____liver________________________ helps moisten food, produces enzymes which are secreted into mouth ____salivary glands________________ produces enzymes which are secreted into the small intestine ___pancreas_________________________ flap that protects trachea (windpipe) when swallowing ___epiglottis_________________________ Name ___ KEY _________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 food enters, mechanical digestion occurs, chemical digestion of carbohydrates/starches occurs ______mouth______________________ along with the pharynx (above it), connects mouth to stomach ______esophagus_____________________ Feces is stored here _____rectum_______________________ Used to eliminated feces from the body _____anus_______________________ mechanical digestion occurs, chemical digestion of proteins occurs, contains acid & enzymes _____stomach_______________________ digestion of carbohydrates (starches), proteins, and fats is finished here, nutrients are absorbed into bloodstream with the help of villi ____small intestine________________________ stores bile _____gall bladder_______________________ along with the esophagus (below it), connects mouth to stomach ____pharynx________________________ Water and salts are reabsorbed, solid feces is formed ____large intestine________________________ Unit 15: Transport 56. Label the parts of the human heart diagram below by writing the letter from the diagram on the line next to the name of the part. Letters will only be used once. ____A______ aorta ____G______ left ventricle ____J______ right ventricle ____F______ AV valve ____B______ pulmonary artery ____H______ septum ____I______ inferior vena cava ____D______ pulmonary vein ____C______ SL valve ____E______ left atrium ____K______ right atrium ____L______ superior vena cava Name ___ KEY _________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 A L B C D K E F G F J I H 57. Write the name of the part of the heart/circulatory system that is described by each statement on the line. oxygenated blood enters this heart chamber after coming from the lungs ____ left atrium ________________ Name ___ KEY _________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart so that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood don’t mix ____ septum_______________________________________________ vessel leaving the heart that sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs _____ pulmonary artery _____________ heart chamber that pumps oxygenated blood to the body ____ left ventricle ________________________ prevent blood from flowing backward ____ valves ________________________ vessels coming from the upper & lower body that bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart ________(superior & inferior) vena cava ______________________ oxygenated blood leaves the heart and goes to the body through this vessel ______ aorta ________________ deoxygenated blood enters this heart chamber after coming from the body ________right atrium ___________ vessel that bring oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs _______ pulmonary vein _____________ heart chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs _____right ventricle_______________________ 58. Name the three major types of blood vessels and describe their functions. 1. Arteries: move blood AWAY from heart (usually oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery) 2. Capillaries: “connector” vessels, where exchange of materials occurs by diffusion 3. Veins: bring blood back to heart (usually deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary veins) Name ___ KEY _________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 59. Name the 4 components that make up blood and describe their functions. 1. Plasma: liquid portion that carries blood cells, nutrients, wastes, hormones, medicines 2. Red blood cells: carry oxygen (w/ help of hemoglobin) 3. White blood cells: immune response (fight of bacteria, germs) 4. Platelets: help heal wounds, involved in clotting Unit 16: Gas Exchange and Excretion 60. Label the parts of the human respiratory system diagram below by writing the letter from the diagram on the line next to the name of the part. Letters will only be used once. ___G_______ alveoli ___F_______ capillaries ____A________ nose ___I_______ bronchi ___C_______ larynx ____B________ pharynx ___H______ bronchioles ___E_______ lung ____C________ trachea A B C D I H E G F diaphragm 61. On the diagram above, draw in and label the diaphragm. 62. Write the name of the part of the respiratory system that is described by each statement on the line. Also known as the voice box; lies between the pharynx and trachea ___larynx_________________________ Name ___ KEY _________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 Large tubes that branch off of the main breathing tube and go into lungs carrying air ___bronchi____________ Passageway where air enters and exits body; air is moistened, warmed, & filtered here __nose______________ Connect nose to larynx and trachea ___ pharynx_________________________ Small sacs that fill with air during inhalation and are where gas exchange occurs; maximize surface area _____alveoli_______________________ small tubes that branch off of the large branching tubes that bring air to the air sacs __bronchioles__________ main breathing tube (also known as the windpipe) that connects nose to large branching tubes; surrounded by rings of cartilage; protected by epiglottis when swallowing ___trachea_________________________ 63. Describe what happens to the diaphragm, ribcage, air pressure, & air (movement) during inhalation and exhalation. What happens to the… diaphragm during inhalation during exhalation Moves down (contracts) Moves up (relaxes) ribcage Moves up & out (expands) Moves down & in (compresses) air pressure High outside & low in lungs High in lungs & low outside Into body Out of body Air (movement) 64. Label the parts of the human excretory (urinary) system diagram below by writing the letter from the diagram on the line next to the name of the part. Letters will only be used once. ____C______ bladder (urinary bladder) ____A______ kidney Name ___ KEY _________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 ____B______ ureter ____D______ urethra A B C D 65. Write the name of the part of the excretory system that is described by each statement on the line. Store urine until released from body ______bladder______________________ Carries waste from kidneys to bladder _____ureter_______________________ Carries urine from bladder to outside of body _____urethra_______________________ Main organ that filters waste from the blood ______kidney______________________ 66. Sketch a nephron (the best you can). Where are nephrons found? What is the nephron’s function? Nephrons are found in the kidneys. (There are about 1 million nephrons per kidney.) The nephron’s function (job) is to filter (cellular/metabolic) wastes from the blood. Unit 17: Nervous Control 67. Label the parts of the nerve cell diagram below by writing the letter from the diagram on the line next to the name of the part. Letters will only be used once. Name ___ KEY _________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 __B___ axon __F___ Nodes of Ranvier __C___ cell body __E___ Schwann cell __A___ dendrite __G___ terminal buttons/end branch of axon __D___ myelin sheath F D E B C D A E F B G 68. Write the name of the part of the neuron that is described by each statement on the line. fatty layer surrounding axon that protects it & allows impulses to move quickly ____myelin sheath__________ help send impulses to next neuron or effector (muscle, organ, gland) _terminal buttons/end branch of axon__ contain nucleus & cytoplasm ___cell body_______________________ receive impulses & move them toward cell body __dendrites______________________________________ sections of axon between Schwann cells not covered in myelin sheath; help transport impulses quickly _____Nodes of Ranvier_____________________________ carries impulses away from cell body towards end branch ___axon_______________________________ make myelin ____Schwann Cell______________________________ 69. What is another name for a nerve cell? neuron Name ___ KEY _________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 70. What is a synapse? Fluid filled space between the end branch/terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron…. Impulses are sent across the synapse w/ the help of neurotransmitters. 71. What are neurotransmitters? What is the function of neurotransmitters? chemical messengers… they help impulses cross the synapse & move from (the end branch/terminal buttons of) one neuron to the (dendrites of the) next neuron 72. Describe the 5 steps in the reflex arc? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Receptors detect stimulus & are activated Sensory neuron transmits impulse towards spinal cord Impulse crosses synapse to interneuron in spinal cord From spinal cord impulse crosses synapse to motor neuron & leaves spinal cord Impulse activates effectors (muscle, gland, organ) which responds appropriately 73. Is the brain involved in the reflex arc? NO! 74. Label the parts of the human brain diagram below by writing the letter from the diagram on the line next to the name of the part. Letters will only be used once. __B ___ cerebellum __A___ cerebrum __C___ medulla (stem) __D___ spinal cord 75. Name the 3 main parts of the brain and describe their functions. Cerebrum: speech, reasoning, emotions Cerebellum: controls balance, posture, muscle tone medulla (oblongata): part of the brain stem that controls involuntary actions of internal organs (heart rate, breathing rate, peristalsis, etc.) Unit 18: Movement Name ___ KEY _________________ Mrs. Geithner-Marron Date _________ Period ________ Biology 200 Final Exam REVIEW 2013-2014 76. What are the two main functions of the human skeletal system? Support & protection & help w/ movement 77. Which type of connective tissue holds bones to other bones? ligaments 78. Which type of connective tissue holds muscles to bones? tendons 79. What is the point where bones connect called? joint 80. Label the type of joint by writing the number from the diagram on the line next to the name of the part. __ 5___ ball and socket __3___ gliding __4___ fixed __1___ hinge 1 2 3 __2___ pivot 4 5 81. Give an example of each type of joint. __shoulder, hip______ ball & socket _wrist, ankle, hand, foot, vertebrae_ gliding __skull_____________ fixed __elbow, knee____________ hinge __head w/ spine, lower arm__ pivot 82. Muscles always work in _____opposing____________________ pairs. One muscle is a(n) ____flexor____________________________ and it bends the joint when it contracts. The other muscle is a(n) _____extensor___________________________________ and it straightens the joint when it contracts.