Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Gross Morbid Anatomy of Small Ruminants C. L. Davis Foundation’s “Gross Morbid Anatomy of Diseases of Animals” March, 2007, AFIP, Washington, DC. Fabio Del Piero, DVM, Dipl. ACVP, PhD, Associate Professor of Pathology Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Tel.: ** 610-925-6210; Fax: ** 610-925-8110; E-mail: [email protected] Organ, species Gross morphologic diagnosis Etiology/Disease Pathogenesis, comments LEUKON Lymph node, giraffe Hemorrhage Clostridium spp. From enteric clostridiosis Lymph node, ovine Caseous lymphadenitis Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis High morbidity; Skin, lymph nodes; multisystemic Lymph node, deer Abscess Aerobic, microaerophilic and anaerobic bacteria: C. ovis, C. pseudotuberculosis, A. pyogenes, E. coli, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Clostridium. Thymus, goat Thymoma (thymic carcinoma), with necrosis From the thymus epithelial stroma; common in old goats; possible metastasis to lymph nodes, other viscera; cytokeratin positive polygonal and spindloid cells Thymus, lamb Hemorrhage, severe, acute Anticoagulant toxicity Chlorophacinone Chlorophacinone (2-[(p-chlorophenyl)phenylacetyl]-1,3-indandione) inhibits vitamin K 2,3-epxoide reductase and vitamin K quinone reductase in the liver, which prevents reduction of inactive vitamin K 1 2,3-epoxide to active vitamin K1 (vitamin K quinol). This in turn prevents carboxylation of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X, which is required for their activity in clot formation. Other anticoagulants: brodifacoum, bromodiolone (0.02 ppm), coumafuryl, dicoumarol, difenacoum, difethialone, diphacinone, pindone, valone, warfarin. Bone marrow, goat Emaciation Serous atrophy of fat 1 ABORTION, STILLBIRTH, NEONATAL DEATH, MALFORMATIONS Chorioallantois (cotyledonar epitheliochorial syncitial placenta) Normal Abdominal cavity, sheep Triplets Aborted fetus, ovine Salmonella enterica Abortion Zoonosis Aborted Fetus, ovine Mummification Common in small ruminants; various infectious agents Placenta and fetus, ovine Necrotizing chorionitis and fetal mummification DD: Chlamydophila, Toxoplasma, Brucella, Listeria, Campylobacter, Pestivirus (several are zoonotic agents) Liver, kid Multifocal (embolic) suppurative hepatitis Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes From poorly preserved (high pH) silage and other feedstuffs; Zoonosis; placentitis, fetal and newborn septicemia, rhomboencephalitis Chorioallantois and fetus, ovine Chorionitis (and vasculitis) Chlamydophila abortus, Chl. pecorum (former genus Chlamydia) Sometimes no fetal lesions Chorioallantois, ovine Necrotizing chorionitis (cotyledonitis) Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Necrosis with fusion of villi tips (visible under water) ; cysts may be incidental findings (vertical transmission); zoonosis Chorioallantois, ovine Necrotizing diffuse chorionitis Coxiellosis Coxiella burnetii Chalky exudate involving both cotyledons and intercotyledonary avillous areas; zoonosis Fetus, liver, ovine Hepatic necrosis, multifocal Campylobacteriosis Campylobacter spp. Bull eye-like lesions, considered highly suggestive 2 Sheep Hydrops amnii Wesselsbron’s disease Flavivirus Fetal mummification; anasarca; fetal malformations: brachignatia, agenesis, spina bifida. Head, lamb Holoprosencephaly Veratrum spp. toxicity Holoprosencephaly is a complex congenital malformation of the brain and is often associated with a spectrum of facial anomalies ranging from normocephaly or nondiagnostic changes to cleft lip/palate (premaxillary dysgenesis), cebocephaly, ethmocephaly, and cyclopia. Exposure to cyclopamine, a steroid isolated from the desert plant Veratrum californicum, causes holoprosencephaly in mammalian embryos. Cyclopamine-induced holoprosencephaly may be altered expression of selected proteins in the prechordal mesenchyme and floor plate with secondary impaired development of the adjacent neural plate and cranial neural crest. Ingestion at 14 th day of pregnancy causes holoprosencephaly, ingestion at 28th day of pregnancy causes skeletal abnormalities. Palate, ovine Palatoschisis (cleft palate) Jaw, ovine Brachygnatism Lamb Atresia ani Sometimes associated with hypospadia Abdomen, lamb Dilatation Atresia ani Intestine, lamb Segmental aplasia and aplasia of left diaphragm Lambs Hydrocephalus, Hydranencephaly, Anencephaly and Arthrogryposis DD: Ovine pestivirus (border disease virus), Cache valley bunyavirus, Akabane bunyavirus, Rift valley fever phlebovirus, Wesselsbron disease flavivirus. Pathogenesis: CNS necrosis denervation atrophy contracted limbs; also muscle necrosis. Lung, fetus, ovine Fetal diarrhea with meconium inhalation Hypoxia in utero defecation within amniotic cavity and inhalation of meconium nonseptic histiocytic pneumonia with multinucleated phagocytic giant cells Lambs Demyelination and dysplastic abnormal hair growth (“Hairy shakers”,“fuzzy lambs”) Border disease Ovine pestivirus Thyroid gland, lamb Goiter Iodine deficiency responsive disease May be associated with joint laxity and tendon contraction 3 Cervical column, goat Vertebral cervical congenital malformation with cervical stenotic myelopathy Especially goats and camelids Brain, lamb Lissencephaly Swayback (scoliosis) Copper deficiency May be related to three different and independent biological functions, a deficiency of cytochrome oxidase causing anorexia and chromatolysis in the neurons, impaired phospholipid synthesis leading to impaired myelin synthesis, or a deficiency of dopamine-b-hydroxylase leading to an accumulation of catecholamines in the central nervous system Lamb Retained emphysematous fetus Ovine fetus Multiple congenital teratologic defects FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Uterus, sheep Endometritis and failure of caruncle involution DD: aerobic and microaerophilic bacteria Uterus, goat Suppurative Endometritis Uterus, sheep Tear Uterus, pigmy goat Cesarean dehiscence Uterus, sheep Polypoid (leiomyomatous carcuncles) with melanosis Salpynx, goat Epidermoid inclusion cyst DD: salpyngitis Pseudohermaphrodite, goat Testes and female (muellerian) genital tract Sporadic, more common in goats. Mammary gland, goat Supernumerary nipples (duplication) Mammary gland, goat Hyperplasia Mammary gland, sheep Suppurative mastitis DD: Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium spp., Mycoplasma, others. Note: if due to ovine and caprine lentiviruses is fibrosing and lymphocytic 4 Mammary gland, goat Chronic mastitis (fibrosing, lymphocytic) Caprine retrovirus (CAE virus) Mammary gland, sheep Galactoliths MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Spermatic cord, ram Varicocele Testis, ram Sperm granuloma Testis, ram Mineralization Epididymis, ram Suppurative epididymitis Brucella spp DD: Actinobacillus seminis Glans penis and prepuce, ram Balanoposthitis, ulceration and perforation Can occur in small epidemics, etiology unknown Penis, ram Urethral process obstruction Calculi ALIMENTARY SYSTEM Palate, lamb Palatoschysis (cleft palate) Inhalation pneumonia is a frequent complication Oral cavity, goat Papular stomatitis Contagious ecthyma (Orf) Parapox virus Zoonotic dermatitis, painful papules with necrosis and hemorrhage Oral cavity, fawn Gangrenous stomatitis and periodontal osteomyelitis Necrobacillosis Fusobacterium necrophorum Oral cavity, sheep Stomatitis and lingual passive hyperemia (cyanosis) Erosive stomatitis and cheilitis Bluetongue (ovine catarrhal fever) Orbivirus 5 Systemic vasculitis; necrosis papillary muscles; pulmonary artery hemorrhage. Numerous (24) serotypes with mild crossreactivity; vector: Culicoides spp. Oral cavity and pharynx, goat Fibrinous and necrotizing (diphtheritic) stomatitis and pharyngitis Peste des petite ruminants Morbillivirus Pharynx, goat Necrotizing pharyngitis (coagulative necrosis) Necrobacillosis Fusobacterium necrophorum Esophagus, lungs Esophageal perforation with mediastinitis and inhalation pneumonia Esophagus, sheep Sarcocystosis Sarcocystis tenella Rumen, sheep Ruminal impaction Abomasum, sheep Abomasal impaction Abomasum, Suffolk sheep Abomasal dilatation with necrohemorrhagic abomasitis Primary emptying abomasal defect with secondary mycotic and yeast infection Suffolk sheep and other breeds. Smooth muscle hypertrophy, fibrosis, edema and perhaps mild rarefaction of autonomic fibers and ganglia. Rumen, sheep Foamy bloat Secondary to dysmotility and, perhaps, saponine containing feedstuffs Rumen, goat Lithobezoar Rumen, goat “Plastobezoar” Common in goats Abomasum, sheep Abomasal hemorrhage Haemonchosis Haemonchus contortus, placei Severe anemia and hypoproteinemia, pale mucosae and viscera, abdominal effusion and dependent edema; sudden death Conjunctiva, sheep Anemic pallor Hemonchosis Haemonchus contortus, placei 6 Abomasum, sheep Severe hemorrhage with melena Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus Abomasum, calf Gangrenous (necrohemorrhagic with edema) abomasitis Braxy Clostridium spp., Gram negative bacteria, Sarcina spp., Candida spp., Mucor spp. (combinations of the above). Abomasum, goat Abomasal severe chronic pyloric ulcer Chronic blood loss Small intestine, goat Intussusception Small intestine, ovine Catarrhal enteritis (with diffuse hyperemia) Serous atrophy of fat DD: E. coli, Salmonella spp. Clostridium spp. Small intestine, fawn Necrohemorrhagic enteritis DD: E. coli, Salmonella spp. Clostridium spp. Clostridiosis: agents and conditions •Clostridium chauvoei: black leg and malignant edema •Clostridium novyi: black disease, black leg, braxy, malignant edema •Clostridium septicum: blackleg, braxy, malignant edema •Clostridium sordellii: malignant edema •Clostridium tetani: tetanus Clostridiosis: lesions •Clostridium toxins coagulative necrosis •Predisposing factors: trauma, ischemia •Abomasum necrosis and hemorrhages (Braxy) •Intestinal necrosis and hemorrhages •Hepatic necrosis •Skeletal muscle necrosis and hemorrhages •Pulpy kidney (precocious autolysis) •Encephalomalacia Clostridium perfringens •Type A: yellow lamb disease •Type B: lamb dysentery •Type C: hemorrhagic enterotoxaemia •Type D: 7 –Enterotoxaemia of suckling lambs –Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia Small intestine, sheep Peyer’s patch necrosis Mycotic infection DD: ovine pestivirus, PPR morbillivirus Intestine, sheep Granulomatous enterotyphlocolitis (with lymphangitis and lymphadenitis) Serous atrophy of fat Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Chronic progressively debilitating. Ileocecal area proximal and distal progression and to lymph nodes liver lung (rarely) Small ruminants spread large numbers of bacilli in the environment Abdominal cavity, goat Serous atrophy of fat with liver atrophy Serous atrophy of fat (very severe) DD: stomatitis, glossitis, dental anomalies, gastroenteritis, parasites, pneumonia, encephalitis, myelitis, any condition limiting the food intake, malnutrition, starvation all leading to emaciation characterized by serous atrophy of fat, liver atrophy, hypoproteinemia, anemia, edema. Small intestine, goat Multifocal proliferative – hyperplastic enteritis (enteropathy) Caprine coccidiosis Eimeria spp. Small intestine, goat Catarrhal enteritis with intraluminal tapeworms Monietia spp. cestodiasis Small intestine, sheep Adenocarcinoma, schirrous with stenosis (“napkin ring” carcinoma) Pancreas, goat Adenocarcinoma with liver metastasis Liver, sheep Lipidosis Pregnancy toxemia Metabolic disease of pregnant ewes Hypoglycemia, ketonemia, ketonuria, weakness and blindness; rapid grow of twin or triplet fetuses, declining nutrition and stress; hepatic lipidosis and fat necrosis Liver, sheep Copper toxicity Excessive copper in the diet liver copper storage hepatocyte necrosis and copper release red cell membrane damage hemolysis hemoglobinuria with renal tubular necrosis Rhodanine stain to identify copper in tissue sections 8 Liver, goat Abscess Aerobic, microaerophilic and anaerobic bacteria Liver, goat Systemic passive congestion Passive hyperemia, chronic Heart failure Liver, goat Biliary cysts Liver, sheep Necrosis and gall bladder dilatation Acute – subacute hepatotoxicity Liver, sheep Postenecrotic macronodular regeneration Chronic hepatotoxicity Hepatotoxicity in small ruminants (and cattle) [summary] Acute hepatotoxicity: - Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria: Oscillatoria [Oscar], Anabena [Annie], Microcystis [Mike], Aphanizomenon [Fanny]), disarray of hepatocellular cytoskeleton disarray of hepatocellular cords. - Cycadales (Zamiaceae): metylazoxymetanol, also neurotoxic; also chronic toxicity - Solanaceae, Cestrum (inkberry plant) - Compositae, Xantium (cochlebur): carboxyatractyloside. Also Helichrysium, Asaemia, Athanasia, Lasiospermum (Africa). - Ulmaceae, Trema (poison peach, Australia): trematoxin. - Myoporaceae: furanosesquiterpenoid oils (ngaione). Liver necrosis, hemorrhage and infarcts. - Carbon tetrachloride: membranous lipoperoxidation. - Cresols (not described in sheep) - Phosphorus - Sawfly larvae (Lophyrotoma, Arge): octapeptide Chronic hepatotoxicity - Aflatoxins (Aspergillus, Penicillium) B1, B2, G1, G2: binding to nucleic acids and nucleoproteins with mioci inhibition and immunosuppression, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis - Phomopsis (fungus on Lupinus) phomopsins A, B - Sporidesmin toxin of Phytomyces chartarum on dead ryegrass (Lolium perenne): facial eczema. Sporidesmin with Tribulus terrestris produces “” similar but differet from facial eczema - Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio, Crotalaria, Heliotropium, Cynoglossum, Amsinckia, Echium, Trichodesma: alkilating agents causing mitosis inhibition megalocytosis, fibrosis (mild in sheep); synergistic effect on copper poisoning - Lantana camara, lantadene A, B: increase rough endoplasmic reticulum cell swelling cholestasis; also renal tubular necrosis - Tribulus terrestris (tribulosis,”geeldikkop”), but also Agave, Narthecium, Nolena, Brachiaria, Panicum (P. coloratum): crystal associated cholangiopathy - Digitaria, Cooperia, Nidorella, Chloris, Medicago, Trifolium, Avena: unexpected hepatopathy with photosensitization - Nitrosamines: alkilating agents - Indospicine from legume Indigofera - Alsike clover (Trypholium hybridum) - Copper: hepatocellular accumulation lysosome damage hemolysis renal tubular necrosis 9 Liver, sheep Necrotizing hepatitis Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Black disease) Clostridium novy, type B Predisposed by immature fluke migration Liver, sheep Necrotizing hepatitis Rift Valley fever Phlebovirus Mosquito carriers (Culex, Aedes) Insidious and fatal zoonotic disease epidemiologically associated to rain fall related mosquito activity. Fetal abnormalities, abortion, neonatal death, hemorrhagic diathesis, hepatic necrosis (with intranuclear hepatocellular inclusion bodies), icterus; encephalitis in calves (experimental). Liver, sheep Necrotizing hepatitis Wesselsbron’s disease Flavivirus Mosquito carrier (Aedes) Similar to RVF. Liver, bovine Hydatidosis (Echinococcosis) Echinococcus granulosus (dogs) Echinococcus multilocularis (wild canids) Carnivore definitive hosts Hydatid cysts in liver, lung and other viscera of herbivores and omnivores Zoonosis E. multilocularis: progressive continuous multilocular growth (tumor-like behavior) Liver, sheep Distomatosis (fascioliasis) Flukes Dicrocoelium dendriticum Fasciola hepatica Fascioloides magna Predisposing Clostridium hepatic necrosis (black disease) Liver, Deer Hepatic tramatodiasis (fascioliasis) Fascioloides magna Bile duct cystic dilatation F. magna is fatal in sheep: larval stages keep migrating with progressive liver necrosis. Liver, sheep Cysticercosis Cysticercus tenuicollis of Taenia hydatigena Liver, sheep Lymphoma In BLV-infected but healthy sheep, BLV integrates both CD5- B and CD5+ B cells. In lymphoma, however, BLV provirus is detected only in CD5- B cells but not in CD5+ B cells. This is in contrast to the BLV-induced lymphoma in cattle which shows CD5+ phenotype. 10 Liver, goat Cholangiocarcinoma Large focal growth Liver, sheep Cholangiocarcinoma Multifocal, with metastasis to bronchial lymph nodes and lungs Omentum, sheep Carcinomatosis From duodenal schirrhous adenocarcinoma Napkin ring stenosis from desmoplasia DD: undifferentiated sarcoma Omentum, sheep Cysticercosis Cysticercus tenuicollis Taenia hydatigena Serosa, sheep Granulomas Oesophagostomiasis Oesophagostomum spp. Mesenteric lymph nodes, sheep Lymphadenomegaly Lymphadenitis and hyperplasia DD: various infectious agents; Chlamydophila in this case. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart, ovine Congenital malformations Intervetricular septal defect; valvular dysplasia Heart, ovine Necrosis (with mineralization) White muscle disease Vitamin E and selenium responsive Heart and pericardium, lamb Fibrinous pericarditis Secondary to sepsis in young animals Heart, lamb Cysticercosis Cysticercus ovis Taenia ovis Pulmonary artery, sheep Rupture and hemorrhage Thinning of the vessel wall with uneven distribution of elastic fibers 11 Pulmonary artery, sheep Hemorrhage Bluetongue orbivirus Highly suggestive lesion but sporadic Heart, sheep Necrosis of papillary muscles Bluetongue orbivirus Highly suggestive and constantly present Aorta, goat Mineralization DD: Paratuberculosis, incidental, hypervitaminosis D (Cestrum spp., Solanum spp., Trisetum spp.) RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Conjunctiva, sheep Edema Heart water Cowdria ruminantium DD: Chlamydia, Moraxella, PPR morbillivirus, MCF Conjunctiva and eye, bovine Catarrhal conjunctivitis and corneal opacity Malignant catarrhal fever herpesvirus Ovine herpesvirus 2 Ethmoid and nasal turbinate mucosa, sheep Adenocarcinoma Enzootic carcinoma Retrovirus type D Frontal sinus, sheep Sinus larval myasis Oestrus ovis Catarrhal rhinitis Pharynx, sheep Pasteurella spp. Necrotizing laryngitis DD: other bacteria, including Fusobacterium necrophorum Pharynx, goat Necrotizing pharyngitis (coagulative necrosis) Necrobacillosis Fusobacterium necrophorum Lung, sheep Hyperemia and hemorrhage Bluetongue orbivirus DD: sepsis, systemic passive congestion Lung, sheep Bronchointerstitial pneumonia PPR morbillivirus 12 Conjunctivitis, diphtheritic enterotyphlocolitis with Peyer’s patch necrosis, pneumonia; intranuclear and intracytoplasmic IB and syncytia Lung, ovine Cranioventral bronchopneumonia Enzootic pneumonia Pasteurella spp., Mannheimia spp. Lung, ovine Cranioventral and dorsal bronchopneumonia with bronchiectasis Enzootic pneumonia Pasteurella spp., Mannheimia spp., Mycoplasma spp. (BRSV, PI3 described with bronchointerstitial pneumonia) Lung, sheep Pseudotuberculosis, Caseous lymphadenitis Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Cranioventral bronchopneumonia with caseous necrosis Caseous necrosis and abscess with airway obstruction Lymphadenitis, abscesses in multiple organs Lung, lamb Septicemia and polyserositis Acute embolic pneumonia and cranioventral bronchopneumonia Escherichia coli Lung, kid Caudal pneumonia Necrosuppurative caudal pneumonia with vasculitis Inhalation pneumonia and Salmonella spp. Lung. goat Multifocal necrohemorrhagic pneumonia Gram negative bacteria DD: mycotic Complication from skin dog bite (gangrenous dermatitis): sepsis with embolic bacterial pneumonia Lungs, lambs Acute embolic pneumonia with fibrin Lung, Deer Abscess with wall mineralization Lung, sheep Proliferative pneumonia Ovine progressive pneumonia Ovine lentivirus (OvLV, Retroviridae) 1) Progressive interstitial pneumonia; 2) Mastitis; 3) Arthritis; 4) Encephalitis OvLV mature macrophages slowly progressing inflammatory lesions containing B and T lymphocytes Histology: pneumocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia (lung “fetalization”), alveolar proteinosis, lymphocytic infiltrate. Lung, sheep Multifocal necrotizing pneumonia Sheep-poxvirus DD: lungworms 13 Lung, sheep Dorsal multifocal to coalescing (lymphocytic and eosinophilic) pneumonia Pulmonary nematodiasis Muellerius capillaris DD: Dictiocaulus filaria induces catarrhal bronchiolitis, bronchitis and tracheitis; D. larvae have alae. Lung, ovine Contagious bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of sheep (adenomatosis) Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) URINARY SYSTEM Kidneys, ovine Hydronephrosis Calculi, congenital Kidney, ovine Hydronephrosis and glomerulonephritis Kidney, ovine Pulpy kidney Precocious autolysis associated with clostridiosis Kidney, ovine Copper toxicity Hemoglobinuria and renal tubular necrosis Kidney, ovine Tubular necrosis (nephrosis) Numerous toxic causes: plants, antimicrobials Kidney, ovine Renal tubular necrosis with hemoglobinuria Leptospirosis Leptospira interrogans Kidney, Finnish lamb, newborn Glomerulonephritis, mesangiocapillary Complement C3 deficiency: C’3, IgM and IgA accumulate in capillary walls Kidney, goat Nephropathy [“Cloisonné kidney”] (with pigmented thickening of the basement membranes of proximal convoluted renal tubules) Male goats Kidney, deer Bacterial embolic nephritis E. coli, A. pyogenes, others Kidney, ovine Abscesses Corynebacterium ovis 14 Kidney, ovine Infarcts (septic) Kidney, goat Amyloidosis Serum producing goats Systemic amyloidosis Kidney, sheep Interstitial nephritis Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) Kidney, camelid Multifocal suppurative (pyogranulomatous) nephritis Blastomycosis Blastomyces dermatitidis DD: other pathogenic yeasts; pyogenic bacteria Kidney, sheep Lymphoma Urinary bladder, goat Hemorrhage and necrosis Secondary to obstruction or paralysis due to lumbosacral spinal lesions; idiopathic Urethra, goat Obstructive urolithiasis NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain, ovine Meningeal melanosis Common in small ruminants and camelids Skull, pygmy goat Horn puncture wound Brain, camelid Abscess A. pyogenes, E. coli, others Brain, reindeer Cerebral abscess Arcanobacterium pyogenes Brain, fawn Encephalic edema with cerebellar foramen magnum herniation Brain abscess DD: encephalic infections Brain, sheep Polioencephalomalacia (cerebral cortical necrosis) Thiamine deficiency Bacillus thiaminolyticus inactivation Excessive sulfur in diet 15 Excessive rumen sulfide production Autofluorescence identified with UV lamp Brain, goat Unilateral encephalomalacia secondary to infarct Skull, meninges, deer Meningeal nematodiasis Paraelaphostrongylus tenuis Deer final host Sheep, goats, llamas and alpacas are susceptible to meningoencephalitis due to parasitic migration, characterized by intraspinal tracts with malacia and eosinophils. Brainstem (histology) Scrapie (ovine TSE) Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) with brainstem neuron and neuropil vacuolization and gliosis (histologic diagnosis) Progressive accumulation of prion protein (Ppr), heat and protease resistant Reportable disease Chronic Wasting Disease of mule deer brainstem lesions Inhalation pneumonia and emaciation Malignant catarrhal fever, deer Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) Sheep, deer, cattle Systemic vasculitis thrombi infarcts; (Rete mirabilis vasculitis); Meningoencephalitis, Keratitis, Dermatitis DD: rabies, rinderpest, bluetongue Brainstem, sheep Rhomboencephalitis Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes Rhombo-encephalitis, perivascular lymphocytic and plasmacytic cuffs with microabscesses and malacia From upper digestive tract, from bad silage with high pH (butirric acid) Zoonosis Pituitary gland, ram Abscess Sporadic, only lesions causing (low heart rate) and sudden death Brain, sheep Cenurosis Cerebral larval teniasis Multiceps multiceps, M. serialis Vertebra and spinal cord, sheep Caseous abscess with spinal cord compression and deviation and spinal cord Caseous lymphadenitis Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Brain, sheep Lymphoma and hematoma 16 MUSCULAR and SKELETAL SYSTEMS Skeletal muscle, sheep Striated muscle necrosis (and mineralization) White muscle disease Vitamin E and selenium responsive myopathy DD: Cassia spp. toxicity; Trisetum flavescens, Solanum malacoxilon, Cestrum diurnum phytohormones: hypervitaminosis D toxicity. Skeletal muscle, sheep Sarcocystosis Sarcocystis tenella (esophagus, grossly visible) Sarcocystis ovicanis Lesions if present in large quantities Abortion, myositis. Dalmeny disease: epizootic of severe Sarcocystis spp. myopathy and abortion Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, lamb Cysticercosis Cysticercus ovis,Taenia ovis Joints, carpal and occipital, goat Chronic arthritis (arthrosynovitis) Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus (CAEV) 1. encephalomyelitis in young goats 2. arthritis, 3. mastitis, 4. pneumonia DD: infectious arthritis (arthrosynovitis): Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae,Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Ovine lentivirus (OvLV) Joints, hip and knee, goat Degenerative arthropathy (DJD) Bone, deer Pathologic fracture Bone marrow serous atrophy of fat (emaciation) Thorax, lamb Rib fractures Parturition or post partum trauma. Torsion of the newborn body during parturition (previously, size of the newborn and position of the elbows were considered). INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Subcutis and body fat, sheep Icterus Copper poisoning Hemolysis DD: Pyroplasmosis; Clostridium haemolyticum; onion poisoning Skin, head Photosensitization Severe diffuse edema Primary: photosensitizer in the skin, Hypericum perforatum ( St. John’s worth) Secondary: aberrant metabolites, porphyrin accumulation (uroporphyrinogen cosynthetase deficiency) Tertiary, hepatogenous: toxic hepatopathy phylloerythrin (chlorophyll catabolite) in the skin 17 Skin, foot, goat Hygroma DD: interdigital biflexus sinus dermatitis Skin, coronary band Bluetongue orbivirus Coronary dermatitis DD: FMD, MCF Skin and cranium, kid Dehorning injury Necrotizing dermatitis and osteomyelitis Skin, perineum Sheep-pox virus Papular and pustular dermatitis Rubeola papule pustule crust ulcer scar Skin, goat Pediculosis Trichodectes spp. Skin, leg, goat Chronic focally extensive ulcerative deep dermatitis Myasis (fly strike) Skin Large wounds with gangrenous dermatitis Dog bite Complication: sepsis with embolic bacterial pneumonia Hindlimb Gangrenous pododermatitis Footrot Fusobacterium nodosum Ear, goat Fibroma 18