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Unit 9 – Post WWII America This ain’t a scene, its an arms race Essential questions 1. What were the causes of the Cold War? 2. How did the United States respond to the threat of communism after WWII? Essential questions 3. What factors contributed to postwar prosperity in the United States? 4. How did the United States handle postwar prosperity? 5. What popular culture changes occurred in the United States following World War II? Essential questions Vocab. Iron Curtain Containment NATO McCarthyism House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Levittown GI Bill Baby boom Great Society Vocab. Ho Chi Minh* Vietminh Ngo Dinh Diem* Vietcong Tonkin Gulf Resolution Vietnamization Silent majority Beginning the Cold War Conflict between the U.S. and U.S.S.R began before and during WWII Philosophical differences Capitalism vs. communism Democratic republic vs. totalitarian dictatorship World War II conflicts Allies delay in Europe invasion (D-day) Beginning the Cold War Postwar Conflicts Soviet Union occupation of Eastern European nations U.S. attempts to block Soviet expansion Development of atomic bomb created fear and mistrust Beginning the Cold War Beginning the Cold War The United States took many actions to stop the spread of communism The Truman Doctrine The Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift Beginning the Cold War Truman Doctrine 1947 – President Truman pledge to provide financial and military aid to nations threatened by Soviet Union “I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures” Beginning the Cold War Marshall Plan Named after Secretary of State George C. Marshall 1948-1951 – Over $13 billion in financial aid to Western European nations to rebuild after WWII Bought food and farm equipment Rebuilt factories, homes, transportation networks Helped these nations resist communist groups seeking power Beginning the Cold War “Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist.” Berlin Airlift Military Alliances The Cold War Escalates Cold War tensions increased in 1949 1. Soviets successfully detonated atomic bomb 2. Mao Zedong led a communist revolution in China These events greatly troubled Americans, and added to the fear of communism The Second Red Scare Cold War tension created increasing fear and paranoia about the threat of communism in the United States A second red scare gripped the nation Many government officials were afraid of being perceived as “soft on communism” and took actions to prevent this The Second Red Scare After WWII, the HUAC focused on the possible threat of Communism in the U.S. ‘Hollywood Ten’ incident 1947 – 10 writers/ directors were arrested and jailed for refusing to answer questions about colleagues The Second Red Scare Public communistespionage cases fueled the paranoia 1948 – Alger Hiss 1950 – Klaus Fuchs 1951 – The Rosenbergs Many feared communists working in the federal government The Second Red Scare Senator Joseph McCarthy made matters worse Claimed to know of communists in the U.S. State Department His accusations were unfounded Became a popular national figure This method became known as McCarthyism The Cold War Escalates After World War II Korea had been divided into north and south North controlled by the Soviets South controlled by Americans The division was at the ‘38th parallel’ The Cold War Escalates Soviet supported North Korea was under communism Led by Kim Il Sung, wanted to unify Korea under communism South Korea under democracy Wanted to unify Korea with democracy The Cold War Escalates Peace negotiations were unsuccessful for two years Battles to improve position continued Eisenhower elected in 1952 Ends the Korean War The nation remained divided USA – 37,000 KIA U.N. – 60,000 KIA 2 million Communist casualties 3 million Korean casualties The Arms Race Soviet development of the Atomic Bomb began an ‘arms race’ between U.S. and Soviet Union Both sides competed to have an advantage in military technology H-Bomb B-52s Foreign bases ICBMs Nuclear Subs Sputnik I & II The Arms Race President Eisenhower took several steps to ensure an advantage A policy of ‘Brinkmanship’ – being on the verge of war without ever going to war To ensure peace, the U.S. pledged ‘massive retaliation’ against the Soviet Union should war break out Peace through ‘mutually assured destruction’ 1947 – CIA created to spy and take secret action against foreign enemies The Cold War Stalin dies in 1953 Succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev U.S.S.R. remained a communist dictatorship The Cold War Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba in 1959 after 2-year revolt. Est. a communist government Signed trade agreement with Soviets John F. Kennedy elected President in 1960 Learned of secret CIA plan to oust Castro (under Eisenhower) The Cold War CIA planned to use Cuban exiles to invade Cuba Goal to kill Castro and take over government Expected support of Cubans Invasion was a disaster Plan reported in news Airstrikes failed No anti-Castro uprising ‘Bay of Pigs invasion’ strengthened Castro’s ties to Soviet Union The Cold War Khrushchev challenges Kennedy in Berlin Had seen the Bay of Pigs invasion as a sign of weakness Demanded U.S. withdraw from Berlin Many East Berliners were escaping to West Berlin The Cold War Kennedy built up troops in West Germany Kennedy was determined to show American resolve Soviets then built the Berlin Wall to prevent further escapes to West Berlin Let them come to Berlin The Cold War Cuban Missile Crisis The Cold War In 1962 the Soviet Union installed nuclear missiles on Cuba After a two-week stand off, the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles The U.S. had to remove missiles from Turkey and promise not to attack Cuba Known as the Cuban Missile Crisis Quiz #1 Unit 9 vocab. / notes Handouts Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Western Europe after WWII Readings The Korean War Q&A Atomic Anxiety Q&A Video Story of Us: Boomers pt.1/2 Quiz #1 1. What is the Cold War and what events after world war II contributed to the beginning of the Cold War? 2. Name and describe the United States foreign policy towards the Soviet Union and the spread of communism following World War II 3. How did the United States help prevent communism from spreading to Western Europe after World War II? Quiz #1 4. What was the military strategy of the United States to maintain peace between them and the Soviet Union during the Cold War? 5. What war did the United States fight in in the early 1950s? Why was the United States involved in this war? 6. How did the United States respond to the spread of communism and the threat of Soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba? Quiz #1 7. How did American citizens react to the threat of Nuclear War during the Cold War? 8. What were two factors that contributed to a Second Red Scare in the United States following World War II? Post WWII America Within months of World War II coming to an end, nearly 12 million men and women returned the United States Faced an uncertain future Many found shortages of homes and work Women workers of WWII expected to leave their jobs for returning men However, this troubled period of transition and uncertainty would be incredibly brief Post WWII America After WWII the U.S. experienced unprecedented economic growth and prosperity Several factors contributed to this growth Post WWII America The GI Bill helped millions of returning soldiers Money for college or job training Assistance finding work Loans for homes, farms, or businesses Unemployment pay Increasing demand for consumer goods created millions of jobs Post WWII America The baby boom following WWII greatly contributed to this increasing demand Larger families required new and larger homes and cars Demand for home appliances Returning veterans built the new homes and cars Post WWII America To meet the growing demand for homes, builders mass produced new suburban developments Levittown is the most famous example Used assembly line techniques Homes built nearly identical Often, minorities were restricted, which contributed to ‘white flight’ Many major cities experienced poverty and decay Civil Rights Movement After World War II, many barriers that had begun to restrict African American rights and equality began to break down Breaking Down Barriers: The Civil Rights Movement Supreme Court Brown v. Board overturns ‘separate but equal’ Finds segregation unconstitutional Education Brown v. Board forces desegregation of schools CRA(1964) gives federal power to integrate schools Racism/Prejudice Jackie Robinson first African-American MLB player Non-violent protests create sympathy for African Americans Breaking Down Barriers: The Civil Rights Movement Law Enforcement Federal forces used to enforce desegregation CRA (1964) creates federal agencies to investigate civil rights violations The Presidents Truman desegregates armed force Eisenhower used federal forces to enforce desegregation Kennedy proposes and Johnson signs Civil Rights Act (1964) Voting Restrictions 24th amendment banned poll taxes Voting Rights Act suspends literacy tests, grandfather clauses, etc. Comparing Ideas for Change Read document 1 and document 3 on page 942-943 In two paragraphs, explain the different perspectives how to bring about change and which one you personally agree with Civil Rights Movement 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education was a significant step in beginning the Civil Rights movement Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson Ended legal segregation of schools Forced states to integrate their schools Showed African Americans they had an ally in the Supreme Court Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board emboldened African Americans to challenge segregation in other areas of society Rosa Parks helped begin the ‘Montgomery bus boycott’ Supreme Court ruled segregation on busses unconstitutional Civil Rights Movement In 1960, young AfricanAmericans began a ‘sitin’ campaign Would sit in segregated diners and coffee shops Would be arrested and harassed Sit-ins gained national attention and support for their non-violent methods Eventually, store owners would integrate their shops Civil Rights Movement In 1961, African Americans went on ‘Freedom Rides’ to challenge segregation in bus terminals Wanted to bring national attention to the situation Rode on busses throughout southern states and towns and use whites-only rooms and facilities Riders faced harassment and violence Civil Rights Movement The ‘Freedom Rides’ concluded when President Kennedy sent federal forces to protect the riders and enforce integration Boycotts, Sit-Ins, and Freedom Rides displayed the strategy of mass non-violent civil rights activists and organizations SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conference, led by Martin Luther King Jr. SNCC - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Civil Rights Movement The success of non-violent protest, and the media attention given to these protests, made the push for civil rights a national movement Support from blacks and whites President Kennedy proposed ‘The Civil Rights Act’ to end all segregation Televised speech addressing the nation Civil Rights Movement Hours after Kennedy’s speech, head of the NAACP, Medgar Evers, was assassinated by a KKK member An all white juries did not reach a verdict after two trials and he went free Eventually in 1994 new evidence led to his conviction Civil Rights Movement To build support for the Civil Rights Act, more than 200,000 people marched on Washington D.C. The march concluded with Martin Luther King Jr’s “I have a dream” speech Civil Rights Movement In July, 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act Banned discrimination in public accommodations and employment opportunities Applied federal authority to speed up integration of public schools Outlawed unequal voting requirements Civil Rights Movement Key to achieving equality and freedom was eliminating voting restrictions 1962 – African Americans began the ‘Voter Education Project’ Goal to register African American voters Opposition from white southerners was just as great for voting rights as it was for desegregation Attempts to register African American voters often ended with violence and murder Mississippi was especially bad Civil Rights Movement To achieve this goal, black and white Americans participated in ‘Freedom Summer’ Summer of 1964, college students travel to Mississippi to register African Americans to vote Also created ‘Freedom Schools’ to educate African American children A Brief History of Vietnam Struggles with China Colonial Vietnam Controlled by French Ho Chi Minh Vietminh in WWII Spread of communism in Asia Domino Theory U.S. support of France Guerilla tactics France defeated 1954 Geneva Conference and elections 1956 Vietnam War Eisenhower supported Ngo Dinh Diem Anti-communist Corrupt Ho Chi Minh’s popularity grew throughout Vietnam Diem banned elections Vietcong formed Vietnam War Elected in 1960, Kennedy committed to take a firm stand against communism in Vietnam Would gradually increase American involvement, but did not support combat “In the final analysis it is their war. They are the ones who have to win or lose it” Sent military advisers and special forces Were not supposed to get involved in combat, but did Vietnam War Vietnam War In 1963, President Diem was assassinated The U.S. did help plot to overthrow him But did not seek his assassination Kennedy was assassinated weeks later New President, Lyndon B. Johnson sought to increase American involvement The situation was dire Tonkin Gulf incident In 1964, Congress passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution Committed the U.S. to the Vietnam War Increasing U.S. Involvement 1954 – U.S. paying for 75% of costs for France’s war - French surrendered 1955 – U.S. supplied South Vietnam with money and weapons 1959 – 900 U.S. ‘advisers’ in Vietnam 1961 – 3,000 U.S. ‘advisers’ / 14 Americans killed 1963 – 16,000 U.S. ‘advisers’ / 500 killed - Diem assassinated 1964 – Vietcong controlled half of South Vietnam 1964 – Tonkin Gulf Resolution 1965 – 185,000 American troops 1967 – 486,000 American troops Vietnam War Vietnam War Vietnam War As American force in Vietnam increased, the military relied more heavily on the draft Deferments were possible Excused for health, college enrollment Poorer citizens, and African Americans, drafted at a higher percentage To end this inequity, U.S. government implemented a draft lottery Many young men were ‘draft dodgers’ Refused to register or escaped to Canada Vietnam War Early, support for the war had been high 1968 was a turning point in the war, and in the nation Media had a huge impact Americans saw firsthand the horrors of war U.S. military officials had been reporting great progress in the war TV showed Americans something different Vietnam War Vietnam War A large anti-war movement began Mostly consisted of young people Many protests took place on college campuses Burning draft cards was a common form of protest Vietnam War In 1968 North Vietnam launched the ‘Tet Offensive’ Series of massive coordinated attacks against South Vietnamese cities Vietnam War Effects of the Tet Offensive Communist forces were not weakening America was not ‘winning’ the war The war was not soon to be over Johnson (and the war) became even more unpopular “We have been too often disappointed by the optimism of the American leaders…for it seems now more than ever that the bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in stalemate” - Walter Cronkite, 1968 Vietnam War “Hey, Hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?” Due to the unpopularity of the war, Lyndon Johnson did not seek re-election in 1968 Vietnam War Election of 1968 was fiercely contested Robert Kennedy’s assassination Democratic Convention and Chicago riots Vietnam War Richard Nixon elected President in 1968 Promised to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam Developed a strategy called Vietnamization Vietnam War Nixon began withdrawing troops in 1969 1969 – 540,000 1972 – 24,000 Anti-war protests increased as Nixon widened the war Invaded Laos and Cambodia Vietnam War Violence broke out on college campuses in 1970 4 killed at Kent State University 2 Killed at Jackson St. Thousands went on strike Forced colleges to shut down Vietnam War 1970 250,000 protesters marched on D.C. Largest anti-war demonstration in history The Weathermen were a radical protest group Bombed government buildings Vietnam veterans protested as well Vietnam War Fueling the anti-war movement were atrocities in Vietnam My-Lai massacre American soldiers killed 450 women, children, elderly Kept quiet by government Lt. Calley claimed he was ‘doing his duty’ Vietnam War Major U.S. involvement ends in 1973 North Vietnam invaded and took over in 1975 U.S. scrambled to evacuate American and Vietnamese citizens Many were left behind Vietnam War U.S. spent $150 billion on the war, dropped 8 million tons of bombs 58,000 Americans killed, 300,000 wounded – many paralyzed or disabled Over 600 POW’s and over 2,000 missing Many soldiers developed cancer and their children had birth defects from defoliants that were used (agent orange) Veterans were often verbally abused and spit on when returning home Many had trouble readjusting to civilian life Post traumatic stress led to nightmares, violent behavior, flashbacks Fifties and Sixties 2. Israel 6. MacArthur 7. 22nd Amendment 8. ANZUS 10. SEATO 11. Nautilus 13. Jonas Salk 15. AFL and CIO 17. Eisenhower Doctrine 19. Explorer I 20. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 22. St. Lawrence Seaway 24. Kennedy 303 Nixon 219 26. Peace Corps 28. Alliance for Progress 29. 23rd Amendment 31. Colorado Springs 34. John Glenn 35. November 22 36. Great Society 39. Nobel Peace Prize 40. Lyndon Johnson 42. National Organization for Women 43. 25th Amendment 45. Neil Armstrong