Download Blood: The Body`s Internal Highway

Blood: The Body’s Internal Highway
I. Three main functions:
A. Transportation
1. ______________________
2. ______________________
3. ______________________
4. ______________________
5. ______________________
a. Carbon dioxide
b. Nitrogenous Wastes
B. ______________________
1. WBC
2. Clots
C. ______________________
1. Temperature
2. Blood’s pH – Buffers
Carbon dioxide, Lactic Acid
Makes blood acidic
II. Properties
A. Color
______________________
Hemoglobin
B. Volume
_______of total weight
Males – ________L
Females – ________ L
C. Viscosity – ______________________
(RBC, WBC, Platelets)
D. pH
___________use buffers to keep within narrow range.
Acidosis
Alkalosis
III. Only liquid tissue in the body
Specialize connective
tissue
Mainly composed of water
A. Plasma
_______
_______ in color
_______ water
_______ dissolved
substances
Proteins
Nutrients
Wastes
Electrolytes
Gases
1. Plasma Proteins
50 different types
3 main classes
a. ______________– 55% of plasma proteins.
Thickens your blood, helps maintain
osmotic pressure.
b. ______________ – Antibodies 38%
c. ______________ – 7%
Precursor for fibrin
– clotting.
B. Other solutes
1. ____________________________(NPN).
Amino Acids,
Urea, Uric Acid
Protein Breakdown N.A. Breakdown
Removed by the kidneys
2. ______________ – Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
3. ______________
4. ______________
a. Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate
C. Formed Elements – ______________
RBC, WBC, Platelets
1. Analyze
________ – spinning blood
________– microscope
2. Hematoporesis
Formation of formed elements
________– yolk sac, liver, spleen
________– Red bone marrow, stem cells
________________
3. RBC – ________________
_______of formed elements
_______of total blood volume
male ________
female ________
Goal – ________
oxygen & carbon dioxide
a. Structure – ___________
1. Lacks a nuclei, organelles
2. Live only 120 days
b. Function – ___________
Oxygen from lungs to body
Carbon dioxide from body
to lungs
c. In the Lungs
Hemogloblin 1/3 volume of RBC
______ + ______ = Hold O2 (Bright red)
d. In the Tissues
Gives up ________ & binds to ________.
e. Life cycle – ________
________
Unable to repair ________.
f. Amount to RBC is carefully controlled by the ________ &
________.
(Measures the amount of O2 in the blood)
1. ________–> ________ -> ________.
2. More blood cells are produced
3. ________ die every hour.
g. Recycling Center
1. ________________________________
2. Reuse the cell parts & remove any toxic products.
3. WBC – Macrophages – eat RBC’s & breaks down
hemoglobin.
4.Liver
* ________– greenish
* ________ – orangish
* breaks down RBC’s & converts to bile.
* Iron is reused in the red bone marrow.
h. ________
1. Reduction of RBC’s, therefore lost ability to transport
gases.
2. Types of anemia
________– shortage of folic acid &
vitamin B.
________________– Loss of blood.
_______________– RBC’s are being destroyed
by your own body faster than they are
being replaced.
CAUSES
Viral, bacterial, genetic.
ex- sickle cell anemia
prolong drowsiness, fevers,
abdominal pain
few live past 40 yrs.
Review
What is the shape of a RBC?
 What does a RBC have instead of a
nucleus?
 Why are RBC red?
 What is anemia?

4. White Blood Cells – ________
a. Less than _______of total
blood volume
b. 5,000 – 10,000 mm3
c. Two Types
1. ________________ –
Have ________
Lobed nucleus
Produced within RBC centers.
____________ – Most abundant
2-5 lobes
60% WBC’s
Stain Pink in neutral stain.
________ –
1-4% of WBC’s
Red stain with eosin
Only 2 lobes
________ –
.5% or less of WBC’s.
Large granules.
Stain blue with a basic stain.
Only 2 lobes in a “S” shape.
2. ____________ – lack of granules
a. ________
3-8% of WBC
Very Large
Round with oval nuclei
Phagocitize “Eat” foreign particles.
b. ________
25- 33% of WBC’s
Same size as RBC’s
_______________ = ________________.
_______________ = ________________
________
Review

What is the function of WBC’s

What is the difference between RBC’s &
WBC’s?

What are the two main groups of WBC’s?
3. Platelets - ________________
300,000
a. Round
b. 1/10 the size of RBC’s
c. Forms platelet plugs
150,000 –
d. ________________ – ________________
1. Blood Vessels break – loss of blood
a. ________________ in blood vessels ________
________ to ________ blood loss (under 30 minutes).
b. ________ is released, which prolongs smooth
muscle contraction if needed.
2. ________________
a. Platelets arrive
1. Increase in size.
2. Irregular shape
3. Surface become sticky
4. More platelets clump together & forms a plug
3. ________________– Most effective
a. Results in formation of blood clot.
b. Fibrinogen converted into fibrin
c. Clot Formation
Platelets (releases
________ + Ca)  ________ 
________  ________ 
________(Clot)
d. Once clot is repaired.
1. ________ from
neighboring connective
tissue strengthens the
clot & seal the tear.
e. ________
blood clot dissolves &
returns fibrinogen into
plasma (Recycling)
Review

What is the process of stopping bleeding?

What is the first step of stopping the
blood?

Which step is the most effective method
to stop bleeding?
e. Problems
1. Blood clots when it is not needed.
Atherosclerosis
___________ – undesirable blood clot.
___________ – Free floating blood clot.
K).
2. Can not form a blood clot
___________ – liver disease (Little or no Vitamin
Inability to form clots due to lack of clotting
factors.
IV. Blood Groups
Surface proteins (Antigens) on RBC
2 antigens in ABO system
1. “A”
2. “B”
Blood Type
A
B
AB
O
Antigen
A
B
A&B
None
Antibody
B
A
None
A&B
Who has which blood types?
TYPES DISTRIBUTION
RATIOS
O+
OA+
AB+
BAB +
AB -
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
person
person
person
person
person
person
person
person
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
3
15
3
16
12
67
29
167
38.4%
7.7%
32.3%
6.5%
9.4%
1.7%
3.2%
0.7%
Review
If you are blood type A, what antigens do
you have?
 If you are blood type AB, which antibodies
do you have?
 If you are blood type O, who can you
receive blood from safely?

V. Rh System
A. Rhesus Monkey
1. Rh Antigens Present +
Absent –
B. Inherited
C. Rh sensitization with blood transfusion.
1. Only time when it is a problem
a. ______ receives from ______
b. Recipient produces ______ to protect
against from foreign blood type.
c. ______ with first encounter. (never had
time to develop antibodies for defense.
d. ____________ , blood will _________
(clump together) because antibodies for Rh
are already present from ______ encounter.
2. ____________ of the ____________
a. _____is _____ , _____ is _____
b. _____ blood mixes with mother’s across
the placenta or tearing when the placenta is
separated from the mother.
c. Mother develops _____ due to exposure to
foreign _____ from the baby.
d. First baby is born with no problems.
e. _____________________________
1. mother’s antibodies will _____ the
________.
2. _________ with the fetus’s RBC’s.
3. Erythroblasts or hemolytic
Disease – _____
Results – _____
Prevention – _____ – makes
mother tolerant to Rh+
Hemolytic disease of the new born
VI. Diseases
A. __________ – Reduction of RBC’s
Sickle Cell (Inherited)
B. __________ – Disorder of coagulation
Treatment – replace missing factors.
C. __________ - Sever blood loss.
D. __________ – Cancer of the blood
Too many WBC’s crowd out production of RBC’s.
E. __________ – Infection of blood Stream by a parasite.
Destroys RBC’s
F. __________ - Disturbance of blood circulation
1. __________– Decrease blood volume
2. __________– Failure of the heart.
3. __________– Lower ability to transport blood.
Pop Quiz
1.
Who can Blood Type B give blood to?
2.
Why is blood type O considered the
universal donor, but can not received from
other types?
3.
Why can only blood type AB can receive
from all blood types?
Matching
1.Anemia
A. Cancer of the blood (too many WBC’s)
2. Hemophilia
B. In general a disturbance of blood
circulation
3. Hemorrhage
C. Shock due a decrease blood volume
4. Leukemia
D. Reduction of RBC’s (Ex. Sickle cell)
5. Malaria
E. Shock due to lower ability to transport
blood
6. Shock
F. Disorder of coagulation (Can’t clot)
7. Hypovolemic Shock
8. Cardiogenic Shock
G. Shock due to failure of the heart.
H. Severe blood loss due to excessive
bleeding
9. Vascular Shock
I. Infection of blood Stream by a
parasite.