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Carbohydrate Protein Organic Chemistry Lipid Nucleic Acid Organic Chemistry • Living Organisms are made up of both inorganic AND organic compounds . • Organic compounds will contain the (H) elements Carbon (C) and hydrogen . • All other compounds are inorganic. Watch Carbon the Element of Life Movie Classes of Organic Compounds Living organisms are made up of four classes of organic compounds. Carbohydrates Example:Sugar, Starches Lipids Example: Fat and oil Protein Example: meat, cheese Nucleic Acids Example: DNA A. CARBOHYDRATES What are some examples of carbohydrates that you eat/use in your daily life? Pasta Bread Starch Rice Sugar Fruit Watch Carbohydrate Facts Movie Glucose: type of sugar in your blood monosaccharide Sucrose: table sugar Disaccharide Starch: Type of carbohydrate found in pasta and rice Polysaccharide What you need to know about carbohydrates: Importance 1. Importance Source of energy (short term use) Structure of plant cell wall Carbohydrates: Facts 2. Facts What does a carbohydrate look like? It is usually a ring structure. Anytime you see a name ending in the letters OSE it is a sugar. Examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose and the most important glucose Carbohydrates: Facts con’t Carbohydrates can be huge like STARCH or small molecules like glucose . • Remember the diffusion lab? Which molecule was able to move across the semipermeable membrane? Glucose What you need to know about carbohydrates: Facts Different combinations of the building blocks ( sugar )make different carbohydrates Examples: glucose + fructose = table sugar (sucrose ) Glucose + galactose = milk sugar ( lactose) Watch Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharides, Disaccharides Movie 3. Carbohydrate: Structure • The smallest carbohydrate molecule is a building block called a monosaccharide like glucose Chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6 This can be reduced to ratio of Carbon : Hydrogen : Oxygen ratio of 1 :2:1 Carbohydrate: Structure 4. Combining monosaccharides If we put two of these together it looks like this: This structure is called a disaccharide The word “saccharide” means sugar The prefix “mono” means one Di means two Disaccarides • Common example of disaccharides are: Sucrose (table sugar) Lactose (milk sugar) Maltose (malt sugar) Polysaccharides If we put many of these together it looks like this: This structure is called a polysaccharide The prefix “poly” means many Watch Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Movie Polysaccharide con’t There is no limit to the number of sugars that can be linked together to form a polysaccharide like starch. Polysaccharides found in plants are Starch (stored in roots) and cellulose (cell wall) Polysaccharide found in animals is called Glycogen (stored in muscles and liver) Stop and Jot Tell me what you remember about carbohydrates! B. Lipids • What are some examples of lipids that you eat/use in your daily life? Butter, oil, lard, estrogen, testosterone Watch Lipids, Cholesterol Movie What you need to know about lipids: Importance What you need to know about lipids: 1. Importance Source of energy (long term use) Insulation (heat and electrical) Regulation (hormones) Structure (cell membrane) Lipids: Facts 2. Facts Lipids are large molecules made up of two different building blocks. One is called fatty acid (usually 2 -3 of these) and the other is called glycerol Lipids are NOT SOLUBLE IN WATER (they don’t mix) which makes them ideal for the membrane of a cell. Lipids: Facts-con’t Two basic categories of fats saturated and unsaturated SATURATED are solids at room temperature UNSATURATED are liquids at room temperature Lipid Structure 3. Structure • Molecules that make up a fat are a glycerol and Fatty acid (usually 3) Fatty Acid Watch Fatty Acids Movie Saturated fat vs unsaturated fat A saturated fat looks like this A unsaturated fat looks like this Phospholipid A fat in the cell membrane is called a phospholipid and looks like this: Stop and Jot Tell me what you remember about lipids! C. Proteins • What are some examples of proteins that you eat/use in your daily life? Meat, eggs, cheese, legumes (beans) Watch An Introduction to Proteins Movie What you need to know about proteins: Importance 1. Importance What do proteins form? ENZYMES - control reactions in the body (discuss more later) ANTIBODIES – defense against disease HORMONES – messengers of the body MUSCLE – locomotion of the body What you need to know about proteins: Importance HAIR – structure CELL MEMBRANE – transport across (“tunnels”) the membrane CELL RECEPTOR MOLECULES – allow cells to respond to chemical messengers (remember?) Protein Facts 2. Facts: Proteins are made up building blocks called Amino Acids The basic structure of all amino acids looks like this: *Note the nitrogen (N) atom in the molecule. Protein Structure 3. Structure • Building Block-Amino Acid Variable Group Amino Group Watch Proteins and Amino Acids Movie Carboxyl Group Protein Structure: Amino acid When two amino acids join together a dipeptide is formed. This structure is called a dipeptide The word “peptide” refers to amino acid The prefix “di” means two The bond holding amino acids together is called a peptide bond Watch Peptide Bonds Movie Protein: Polypeptide • Many amino acids bonded together form a a polypeptide This structure is called a polypeptide The word “peptide” refers to amino acid The prefix “poly” means many Stop and Jot Tell me what you remember about proteins! ENZYMES: Importance • Enzymes are a special type of protein that controls ALL of the chemical reactions that occur in living things. Watch Enzymes Movie ENZYMES: Facts 2. Facts about enzymes • Enzymes are PROTEINS • Enzymes are CATALYSTS • A catalysts SPEEDS UP A CHEMICAL REACTION • Enzymes work just like a LOCK AND KEY • Enzymes have a SPECIFIC SHAPE and will fit only ONE substance ( SUBSTRATE ) that it will “work” on. • Enzymes are NOT CHANGED by the reaction so they can be USED OVER AND OVER AGAIN ENZYMES: Facts (Con’t) • The active site is where the enzyme and substrate go together. • Enzymes names end in ASE Named for what it works on for example: Lipase works on lipids Protease works on protein Sucrase works on sucrose ENZYMES: Structure 3. Structure ENZYME ENZYME + Active Site SUBSTRATE EnzymeSubstrate Complex Product ENZYMES: Structure Denature • NOTE: If the shape of the enzyme is altered, then it won’t be able to fit and it WON’T BE ABLE TO “WORK” on the substrate ENZYME + Active Site Active Site altered Enzyme can no longer attach to substrate Rate of Enzyme Function 4. Factors that affect how fast ( the rate) the enzymes work. • Temperature - As temperature increases the rate increases up to a point (optimum), then it decreases because the protein changes shape ( DENATURES ) Rate of Enzyme Function pH pH -(The acid content) Different enzymes work best at different environmental pH values. Recall pH Rate of Enzyme Function Concentration Concentration of enzymes and substrates – At the beginning, the rate increases because there are lots of active sites available (places where the substrate and enzyme join). Eventually, it will flatten out because the active sites are full. This is called the saturation point Stop and Jot Tell me what you remember about enzymes! Nucleic Acid 1. Importance: Mainly found in the nucleus of the cell Involved in controlling activities of the cell Involved in heredity Nucleic Acid: Facts 2. Facts: • Two types of nucleic acid molecules DNA deoxyribonucleic Acid) which makes up genes RNA (ribonucleic Acid) which is involved in making protein Watch Chromotin, Chromosomes and DNA Subunits Movie Nucleic Acid: Structure 3. Structure DNA has the shape of a double helix The building block is nucleotide • Each nucleotide has Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen base (A,T C G or U) Put all the nucleotides together and it looks like this Then the molecule twists forming a helix Nucleic Acid: Structure (Double Helix) When the nucleotides are bonded together they form a ladder- like structure which is then twisted • Can you figure out the pattern? A C T G G A T G A C C T Reactions in Organic Chemistry Dehydration Synthesis • When a big molecule is made from smaller molecules (Starch from a bunch of simple sugars) the process is called DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Removing water Watch video clip here! Press to start. to make Reactions in Organic Chemistry Hydrolysis • When a big molecule is broken up into the smaller molecules (Protein into amino acids) the process is called HYDROLYSIS Water Splitting The End!
