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Chapter 6: The French Revolution
• In 1789, France still
had a Medieval social
system
– The ancien regime =
old order,
– divided people into 3
estates = classes
1.Clergy
2.Nobility
3.Vast majority of
the population
• Clergy enjoyed large amounts of wealth
– Owned 10% of land
– Collected tithes (1/10 of yearly income taken as a tax to
support church or clergy)
– Paid no taxes to the state
• High officials were well off, priests were poor
• Churches ran schools, orphanages, and hospitals
• Church fought against Enlightenment
ideas of reform
• Nobles held top jobs in government, the
army, courts, and church
– Some nobles enjoyed city life, others
struggled to get by
• Nobles resented middle-class
appointments, but liked not paying taxes
• Third Estate was the most diverse
– bourgeoisie = The middle-class - included
bankers, doctors, lawyers
– The bulk of the estate were royal peasants
– Urban workers were the poorest members
• All members of the Third Estate resented
noble privileges
– First and Second Estates pay no taxes
– Fees may be put on peasants by nobles
• Enlightenment ideas led Third Estate to
demand privileges
• Comparison & Contrast the French
and American Revolutions (1:38)
Financial Troubles
• Deficit spending = government spending
money that’s borrowed in excess of their revenue
• Wars caused France to go into debt
leading to more money being borrowed
– By 1789, ½ of the government’s $$$ went
toward paying interest only
• Bad harvests led to increased food prices
and lower classes going hungry
• Taxes would help solve problems but
nobles and clergy resisted
• As problems rose, the King was asked to
summon the Estates-General = a
legislative body of all three Estates
– King feared of losing power, nobles hoped to gain power
• Before meeting, each Estate listed their
grievances in cahiers = notebooks
– Most wanted fairer taxes, free press, and regular
meetings of the Estates-General
• Representatives of the 3rd Estate were well
read (educated) and expected reform (change)
• Voting became an issue as the 1st and 2nd
– Estates usually outvoted the 3rd Estate
• After weeks of stalemate, the 3rd Estate
became the National Assembly (NA)
– representing the people of France
• When their meeting place was blocked,
the NA went to a tennis court and took
the Tennis Court Oath = pledging to
meet until they write a constitution
Parisians Storm the Bastille
• Rumor was royal troops were headed to
occupy Paris
• Parisians wanted to defend themselves so they
demanded weapons from the Bastille = a prison
• After the commander refused, the crowd
stormed the gates and took over the
fortress
Today, France still celebrates Bastille Day. When the
people stormed the Bastille, King Louis XVI finally got the
hint that revolution was nigh (near).
"Live Free or Die"
The French tricolour with their motto
circa 1792
Section 2: The French Revolution Unfolds
• 4 Phases of the French Revolution:
– Moderate phase of the National Assembly
• turned France into a Constitutional Monarchy
– Radical Phase
• Escalating violence ended the Monarchy and began the Reign
of Terror.
– The Directory
• Period of reaction against extremism.
– Age of Napoleon
• Consolidated many revolutionary changes
“The Great Fear”
• A terrible famine caused much of France
to search for food
• Rumors of attacks on villages and soldiers
taking peasant crops spread
• Peasants fought back by burning manor
records and stealing grain
• Different factions, or groups, formed in Paris
• Moderates followed Marquis de Lafayette who
fought in the American Revolution
– Led the National Guard Militia against royal
troops.
– This was the 1st French group to fly the colors
red, white, and blue.
Paris Commune
• Replaced the government that was loyal
to the Crown
• Mobilized neighborhoods to violent action
against the government
• Led to more rumors about the royal family
and members of the royal court.
• A cartoon on the Paris
Commune of 1871.
• "I wish to be free. It is my
right and I will defend it."
• One motive that lay behind
establishment of the
Commune was the
demand that Paris be
allowed to govern itself.
• Paris also wanted to
continue the war against
Prussia in 1871.
• Théophile Ferré - a
member of the Paris
Commune. He served for
a time as the Commune’s
public prosecutor
– won a reputation for
militancy and
ruthlessness. The
Thiers government
sentenced him to
death by firing squad.
National Assembly Makes Changes
(2:04)
• The National Assembly voted to end all
privileges of the noble class
– This gave all male citizens equality before the law
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man was
written in the form of the Declaration of
Independence
– Spoke of natural rights and government’s job to
protect rights
– Liberty, property, security, and resistance to
opposition
– All Male citizens were equal before the law..and had
the right to hold office.
• Olympe de Georges - wrote
the Declaration of the Rights of
Women and Female Citizens
• “Woman is born free and her
rights are the same as man”
• Believed men and WOMEN should
be eligible for public office
• Louis XVI did not accept the
reforms..nobles continued their
comfortable lives while the
peasants suffered.
• 6,000 women marched from Paris to
Versailles demanding bread and to see the
king!!!
• Marie Antoinette – Was the Austrian born
Queen who their anger was aimed for
• Lived an extravagant life..which led to
further unrest.
Marie Antoinette
• Was against the
reforms of the
movement
• Her lifestyle made other
women resent her
• Often lived in a little
chateau in Versailles
to live her own life on
her terms.
• Women refused to leave until the King
met their most important demand =
Return to Paris.
• King, unhappily, loaded up his family and
went to Paris
• Crowds along the way cheered the King as
he was now wearing the tri-color of the
revolution
• King Louis XVI and his family would stay
in the Tuileries Palace..as a virtual
prisoner for the next three years.
National Assembly Presses Onward
A. Church Placed Under State Control
•
Bishops and Priests became elected & paid
state officials
•
The Pope no longer had any legal power in France.
•
Church resisted…many far away peasants
distanced themselves from the revolution.
B. The Constitution of 1791
• Constitution of 1791 set up limited monarchy
• New legislative assembly who were elected.
• Got rid of old ways and brought in many
new ideas of the Enlightenment.
C. Louis’s Escape Fails
• King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempt to
flee to Austria (dressed as servants) to escape
their imprisonment and to hopefully rebuild
support for his rule
• Captured by revolutionaries in Varennes…people
brand King Louis XVI a traitor to the revolution.
His life is not worth much now.
– Some say the strong scent of the Queen’s perfume gave away
their whereabouts
IV. Radicals Take Over
• A. Rulers Fear Spread of Revolution
– Leaders of other nations did not want French
Revolutionary ideas in their country
– They were dismayed by the exaggerated stories that
emigres – nobles, clergy, and others who had fled
France.
– Many previous Enlightened Despots turned against
Enlightenment ideas and people associated with the
French Revolution.
B. Threats From Abroad
• A. Declaration of Pilnitz – Declaration
from Prussia and Austria threatened to
intervene any action that the French
people took against the Royal Family.
• It was a bluff…but the French reacted by
preparing for war.
Radicals Fight for Power and Declare War
• National Assembly began to falter
as economic conditions continued
to grow worse.
• Sans-Culottes – “without
breeches”. Working class men
and women who wore longer
pants rather than the knee length
breeches of upper class
noblemen.
– Pushed for more radical
reforms
– Republic – Government
ruled by elected
representatives rather than a
monarchy.
• Hostile factions began to aggressively push
their agenda in the National Assembly
• Jacobins – Powerful political club of
middle class lawyers and intellectuals.
– sided with the Sans-Culottes in demanding a republic.
D. National Assembly Declares War on Tyranny
• Legislative Assembly declared war on
Austria..then Prussia, Britain, and others to
stand up to nations who opposed their
revolution.
• The fighting lasted off and on for about 23 yrs.
Section 3: Radical Days of the Revolution
•
Beginning in 1793, France experienced
the bloodiest phase of the French
Revolution.
I. The Monarchy is Abolished
•The guillotine is named
for Dr. Joseph Ignace
Guillotin
--endeavored to
commission a device
that would deliver a
swift and honorable
death to people of all
classes.
Before the French
Revolution, only nobles
were executed by
decapitation -- other
lower-class capital
criminals were subjected
to burning, drowning
and maiming.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lo5BB
Htn4tM
A. Tensions Lead to Violence
Many revolutionaries thought the King was
conspiring with enemies of France to defeat the
revolutionaries.
The Palace of Tulieries was raided by mobs who
then killed the King’s guards..the Royal Family
barely escapes.
A Month later…priests and nobles held in prisons
were attacked and 1,200 killed on the guillotine.
2 Views of these events..
1. Bloodthirsty Mobs
2. Patriots defending France from it’s
enemies
* Where people’s opinion fell in this
argument depended on what side the
person believed…revolutionary or not.
B. Radicals Take Control & Execute the King
• Radicals called on a new legislative body
called the National Convention
• Demanded Suffrage – The Right to Vote.
– To be given to ALL men..not just property owners.
• Voted to abolish the Monarchy and create
a Republic..and it passed!
When Marie Antoinette stood trial for treason and counterrevolutionary activity, she quietly bore the charges.
However, when she was accused of molesting her son, she
passionately denied it.
• Noble lands were seized
• Louis XVI put on trial as a
•
traitor to France and
convicted by 1 vote.
Jan. 1793 – King Louis XVI
was put to death via
guillotine while proclaiming
his innocence before the
crowd that had gathered in
a public square in Paris.
–
This split the National Convention in half.
Some wanted to see him pay and some
didn’t think he deserved the guillotine
• Marie Antoinette was also
•
executed via guillotine.
The King must die for the
revolution to live!!
II. Terror and Danger Grip the Revolution
• At war with much of Europe including England
• Loyalists and Priests led peasants in rebellion
• Food shortages and inflation
• Jacobins and others fought for control of
the government
A. The Convention Creates a New Committee
• Committee on Public Safety
– 12 member committee with absolute power
– It’s mission = saving the revolution
– Levee en masse – Mass levy (tax) on all
citizens to support the war.
– Were also in charge of trials and executions
– Peasant rebellions put down and the French
Army began to find success against it’s
enemies.
B. Robespierre “The InCorruptible”
• Maximilien de
Robespierre – Lawyer and
politician
– Leader of the Committee
on Public Safety
– Dedicated his life to the
revolution
– Dared to ask why the 3rd
estate were the only ones
paying taxes
– Once an avid supporter of
the King..eventually
believed that the King
needed to be removed for
the revolution to succeed.
– Later demanded for people
to worship reason and join
cult of Supreme Being
C. The Guillotine Defines the Reign of Terror
• Reign of Terror – Sept. 1793 to July 1794
•
•
•
•
when thousands of citizens were executed as
traitors to the revolution.
About 30,000 were executed
Many were executed for next to nothing.
Even the Legislature was afraid..and began
arresting and executing members of the
committee on public safety.
Maximilien Robespierre became power hungry
and unhinged – was considered the most radical of all
revolutionaries..the man behind the reign of
terror…even he could not avoid the guillotine
The French people
turned against
Maximilien de
Robespierre,
--orchestrator of
the Great Fear and
mastermind of the
revolution.
--He tried to avert
death at the
guillotine by
committing
suicide, but he
only succeeded in
blowing off his jaw
-- an agonizing injury.
III. The Revolution Enters it’s 3rd Stage
• Moderates took control in an attempt to stop the
excesses of the convention.
• New Constitution of 1795 set up a 5-man
Directory and 2-house legislature elected by
male property owners.
• War was still an issue as well as discontent of
other revolutionaries and continued inflation.
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Popular military hero
• Politicians wanted to
use his popularity to
advance their agenda
• Napoleon would
eventually outsmart
them all to become
the ruler of France
IV. Revolution Brings Change
A. Nationalism Spreads
* War brought the people together and they
developed a great sense of national identity
* Nationalism – A strong sense of pride and
devotion to one’s nation.
* people celebrated at fairs and festivals
across the country
B. Revolutionaries Push for Social Reform
• Created public schools to replace private
(Catholic) ones.
• Organized systems to help the poor, vets,
and widows
• Abolished slavery in their colonies
Section 4: The Age of Napoleon
I.
Napoleon Rises to Power
•
Napoleon Bonaparte
•
Born in Corsica – French ruled island in the Mediterranean Sea
•
Sent to private school to train/study to be in the military
•
Favored the ideas of the Jacobins and goal of forming a Republic.
•
Found the French Revolution to be confusing due to so many
ideas and personalities running the show.
A. Victories Cloud Losses
• Napoleon rose quickly through the ranks of the Army
• Led forces on dazzling victories over it’s enemies
• Was able to hide his military losses by controlling
• the press and by using spies.
• His success on the battlefield fueled his political ambition.
• In 1799, he overthrew the Directory and
established a 3-man Consulate = new legislative
body of France
B. Napoleon Crowns himself Emperor
• By 1801, Napoleon had gained enough political
power to seize the title of Emperor.
• Invited the Pope to crown him, but snatched the
crown away from the Pope and crowned himself.
• Plebiscite – Popular vote by ballot.
– Held to assure the French that he was being chosen
by a popular vote of the people.
II. Napoleon Reforms France
•
•
•
•
•
•
Strengthened the central government
Controlled prices, built roads & canals
Created a system of public schools.
Made peace with the Catholic Church
Allowed emigres to return to France
Napoleonic Code – New code of laws that
embodied enlightenment ideas of equality of
citizens, religious tolerance, and abolishment of
feudalism
III. Napoleon Builds and Empire
A. Map of Europe is redrawn
* Napoleon created a vast empire by
redrawing the map of Europe and
annexing Netherlands, Belgium, and
parts of Italy.
* Annex – To add territory to an existing nation.
B. Britain Strikes Back
• England attempted to stop Napoleon by
•
•
conquering it’s navy
Napoleon struck back at England’s economy
Continental System – Closed all European ports to
British goods
• England responded with a blockade.
• Neither side won..England was able to keep
trade routes open to the Americas and they
forced inflation on European goods
IV. Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges
A. Nationalism works against Napoleon
* European nations viewed the French as foreign
oppressors
* resented the continental system
* and the French culture being forced on them.
* All throughout Europe, nationalistic uprisings
against French rule occurred.
B. Spain & Austria Battle France
• France tried to undermine the Catholic Church in Spain
• Spaniards were loyal to both the Church and the King.
• When the Spanish resisted Napoleon’s
advances…he responded with brutal oppression
• Spanish nationalists reacted with a campaign of
guerilla warfare – hit and run raids by civilian
troops against the French.
• Ambushed French supply trains
• Tied up French troops fighting them.
• Austria followed the lessons learned from the
Spanish and resisted the French Emperor’s
attempts
• Napoleon was victorious at the Battle of Wagram
ending the conflict and forcing Austria to give in
to Napoleons demands for Austrian lands
C. The Russian Winter Stops the Grand Army
• Tsar Alexander I was once an ally of
France..after Russia pulled it’s support of the
continental system…Napoleon invaded with
600,000 French troops & 50,000 horses
• Scorched Earth Policy – As the Russians
retreated, everything was burned including
homes, buildings, and fields..leaving NOTHING
for the French to survive the cold winter with.
• Napoleon was able to capture Moscow, but
headed back home after realizing he did not
have the supplies he needed.
• The 1,000 mile retreat in the Russian winter was
a gamble that he lost
• Only 20,000 men survived due to famine and
freezing climate.
• Napoleon had finally been defeated..and he was
now in a panic to rebuild his army to defend
home.
V. Napoleon Falls from Power
• Napoleon was defeated by a unified force of European
nations in 1813
• He briefly abdicated (stepped down from power) the throne
• The Europeans exiled him to Corsica, his island home
• Louis XVIII (Louis XVI brother) was given the throne and
agreed to abide by all treaties, etc.
• While peace conference was underway..Napoleon
returned to Paris and the army flocked to his
command…he was back and in charge
B. Crushed at the Battle of Waterloo
• Waterloo – town in Belgium
• French and allied forces met there and after an
arduous day long battle the French army was
crushed..Napoleon had been defeated.
• Napoleon was sent to exile on St. Helena
Island..he would never return.
VII. Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna
• Congress of Vienna – Meeting of the leaders
of the European nations who had fought against
Napoleon’s expansion
• Goal was to establish a balance of power and to
protect the monarchy system
• European map was re-drawn again to surround
France with strong neighbors.
• Legitimacy – restoring hereditary monarchies
that the French Revolution / Napoleon had
unseated.
B. Congress Fails to see Traps
• Quadruple Alliance – Austria, Prussia, Russia, & England
• Pledged to act together to maintain peace and suppress
revolutions.
• Concert of Europe – Powers of the alliance met
periodically to discuss problems with affecting the peace
• FAILED to realize how the power of nationalism could or
would lead Europe into war in the future.