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Judaism Zoroastrianism Founders Abraham Zoroaster Time of Founding Around 2000 BC Around 600 BC Where was it important? Fertile Crescent Persia (Iran) Name of gods Yahweh Ahura-Mazda Judaism Judaism focuses on relationships: the relationship between God and mankind, between God and the Jewish people, between the Jewish people and the land of Israel, and between human beings. Judaism Vocabulary Torah- The most important books are referred to as “The Law.” It includes the first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The Torah also includes the rest of the Old Testament Covenant- the agreement between God and the ancient Israelites, in which God promised to protect them if they kept His law and were faithful to Him. Monotheism- Belief in ONE god Hebrew History The founder of the Hebrew people was Abraham. Abraham once lived in Sumer. He left Sumer and led his people through the desert to Canaan. Modern Jews trace their heritage through Abraham’s grandson Jacob (also called Israel) whose twelve sons each started a tribe called the Twelve Tribes of Israel. The Hebrews migrated to Egypt and were enslaved for 400 years. Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt and across the desert. Moses received the 10 Commandments from Yahweh. Moses agreed that the Hebrews would obey these commandments and formed a covenant. Law and Ethics “eye for an eye” however the Torah places greater value on human life than Hammurabi The law demanded kindness toward the poor and toward slaves. Death sentence only used for severe crimes, such as adultery, kidnapping, and sacrifices to idols. The Hebrews believed that people had a choice between good and evil. Yahweh held them responsible for their choices, but allowed the freedom to make those choices for themselves Earthly political rulers had no claims to divinity, only Yahweh was divine. The Jewish system of ethics influenced the founding of Christianity. Zoroastrianism Began in Persia (Iran) around 600 B.C. Founded by a prophet named Zoroaster Zoroaster taught that on Earth people receive training for a future life. He said the forces of good and evil battle one another and people must choose between them. Those who chose good would be rewarded with eternal blessings Those who chose evil would face punishment. In the distant future, the forces of good would triumph and then Earth would disappear. Central beliefs A single god Ahura Mazda who is all powerful An evil spirit of violence and death, Angra Mainyu Free will to choose good or evil the idea of final judgment and an afterlife Good thoughts, good words, good deeds Judaism Zoroastrianism Founders Time of Founding Where was it important? Name of gods Main ideas These are things Judaism and Zoroastrianism have in Common: These are differences between Judaism and Zoroastrianism: