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OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Chapter 11: Personality * = Correct answer Multiple Choice 1. Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality? A. Hippocrates B. Immanuel Kant *C. Sigmund Freud D. Wilhelm Wundt Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 2. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________. *A. in which people are presented with ambiguous images B. that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards C. that is designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups D. that is similar to a word association test Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4 3. The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs. A. discrimination emigration B. elective immigration C. personality location *D. selective migration Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 4. The ________ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings. A. culture B. feminist *C. indigenous D. TEMAS Difficulty: Easy Page 1 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5 5. ________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. A. character B. Jungian C. Rorschach *D. trait Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 6. Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance? A. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud B. Carl Rogers and Karen Horney C. Erik Erikson and Abraham Maslow *D. Hans and Sybil Eysenck Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 7. ________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics. *A. heritability B. personality C. temperament D. trait Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 8. The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private. *A. ectomorph B. endomorph C. mesomorph D. somatomorph Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 2.1 9. Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology? A. Abraham Maslow Page 2 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality B. Carl Rogers C. Gordon Allport *D. William H. Sheldon Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 10. ________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar. *A. congruence B. egotism C. incongruence D. self-concept Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 11. Who developed social-cognitive theory? A. Abraham Maslow *B. Albert Bandura C. Carl Rogers D. Erik Erikson Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 12. Self-efficacy is ________. A. a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar *B. our level of confidence in our own abilities C. the belief that one’s environment can determine behavior D. the belief that we have power over our lives Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 13. Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns. *A. B. F. Skinner B. Hans and Sybil Eysenck C. Ivan Pavlov D. Sigmund Freud Page 3 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 14. The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next. *A. collective unconscious B. gestalt C. id D. ideal self Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 15. Who proposed the locus of control concept? A. Albert Bandura B. Carl Jung *C. Julian Rotter D. Walter Mischel Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 16. An archetype is a ________. A. balance of opposing forces within one’s personality B. collective consciousness C. feeling that one lacks worth and doesn’t measure up to the standards of others or of society *D. pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 17. Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Jung *C. Karen Horney D. Sigmund Freud Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 18. Carl Jung’s view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________. Page 4 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality A. collective unconscious *B. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator C. Rorschach Inkblot Test D. Tell-me-a-story thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS) Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.4 19. Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt. A. id B. ideal self *C. persona D. superego Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 20. A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn’t measure up to the standards of others or of society. A. Freudian *B. inferiority C. neurotic D. psychosocial Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 21. A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes. A. congruent; incongruent *B. external; internal C. internal; external D. real; ideal Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 22. In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament? A. black bile from the kidneys B. red blood from the heart Page 5 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality C. white mucous from the lungs *D. yellow bile from the liver Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2 23. Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, “my smother” instead of “my mother.” What does this exemplify? A. archetype B. collective unconscious *C. Freudian slip D. repressed memory Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 24. The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________. *A. Five Factor Model B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 25. Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. A. ego *B. id C. superego D. unconscious Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 26. The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture. A. Five Factor Model B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) *C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Page 6 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5 27. Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? *A. denial B. displacement C. rationalization D. rejection Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 28. According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold. *A. choleric B. melancholic C. phlegmatic D. sanguine Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 29. After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? A. reaction formation *B. regression C. repression D. sublimation Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 30. Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires. *A. projective test B. psychoanalysis C. self-report inventory D. trait analysis Difficulty: Moderate Page 7 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3, 2.1, 2.431. According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development. A. anal B. genital *C. oral D. phallic Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 32. The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual’s clinical profile. A. Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB) *B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) C. Rorschach Inkblot Test D. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4 33. If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts. *A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 34. The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person’s unconscious desires, fears, and struggles. A. Julian Rotter *B. Rorschach C. TAT D. TEMAS Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4 Page 8 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality 35. During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports? A. anal B. genital *C. latency D. phallic Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 36. The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture. A. Contemporary Stereotypes *B. Contemporized-Themes C. Cultural Themes D. Thematic Subjects Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 3.3 37. In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent). A. anal *B. genital C. oral D. phallic Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 38. Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively. *A. become neurotic strategies B. lose their effectiveness C. result in a complete mental breakdown D. result in obsessive-compulsive behavior Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2 Page 9 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality 39. Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________. A. extrovert B. humanist *C. introvert D. neo-Freudian Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.2 40. Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person. A. choleric B. melancholic *C. phlegmatic D. sanguine Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2 41. Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________. A. archetype *B. extrovert C. introvert D. neurotic Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 42. Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________. *A. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability B. extroversion/stability; introversion/neuroticism C. phlegmatic/choleric; sanguine/melancholic D. phlegmatic/melancholic; choleric/sanguine Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 43. What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson’s second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops? Page 10 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality *A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. industry vs. inferiority C. integrity vs. despair D. trust vs. mistrust Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 44. Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified? *A. archetype B. id C. persona D. unconscious anxiety Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 45. What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson’s seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family? *A. generativity vs. stagnation B. initiative vs. guilt C. intimacy vs. isolation D. trust vs. mistrust Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 46. Max’s behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max? *A. Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview. B. Max has an Oedipus complex. C. Max is an archetype. D. Max is an introvert. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 47. What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson’s eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions? Page 11 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. generativity vs. stagnation C. identity vs. confusion *D. integrity vs. despair Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 48. When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using? A. moving against people *B. moving toward people C. reaction formation D. repression Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4 49. In Carl Jung’s view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life. A. affirming the sexual identity B. resolving the Electra complex C. seeking positive attention *D. the self-realization process Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 50. When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using? A. detachment B. extroversion *C. moving against people D. moving with people Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.5 51. Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________. A. archetypes and personas *B. beliefs and expectations Page 12 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality C. defense mechanisms and coping strategies D. myths, legends, and stories Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 52. When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using? *A. moving away from people B. moving toward people C. regression D. sublimation Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 53. In Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________. A. actions that are not internally motivated *B. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded C. reactions that are externally motivated D. specific actions that result in reactions Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 54. Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn’t pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________. A. healthy cognitive processes *B. high self-efficacy C. low self-efficacy D. moderate reciprocal determinism Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 55. Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________. *A. low self-efficacy Page 13 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality B. malfunctioning cognitive processes C. no context D. vicarious learning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 56. Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________. A. an external locus on control *B. an internal locus of control C. good self-regulation D. poor self-regulation Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 57. Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn’t get the internship because the manager didn’t like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________. A. a dependent personality *B. an external locus of control C. an internal locus of control D. low self-efficacy Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 58. According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________. A. good parenting B. love *C. self-actualization D. self-efficacy Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 59. How can parents help their children achieve high congruence? A. forcing them to be independent *B. giving them unconditional love C. not allowing them to use their defense mechanisms Page 14 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality D. pointing out their mistakes Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 60. As the “third force” in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists’ view of humans passively reacting to the environment. A. biological determinism B. feminism *C. humanism D. social cognition theory Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 61. Which of the following is not a way we tend to think of personality? Our personalities ________. *A. are mutable B. are not easy to change C. are stable D. exist over a long term Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1 62. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys. A. The name “Hippocrates” should be changed to the name “Galen.” *B. The phrase “black bile from the kidneys” should be changed to the phrase “white phlegm from the lungs.” C. The word “personality” should be changed to the word “temperament.” D. The word “phlegmatic” should be changed to the word “choleric.” Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 63. What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? *A. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. B. Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not. C. Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did. D. Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not. Page 15 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 64. Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist? A. He tried to become a psychologist, but he could not pass the required exams. B. He tried to become a psychologist, but no university would admit a Jewish student. C. His theories were too radical, so he trained as a physician to give himself creditability. *D. There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2 65. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality. A. The name “Sigmund Freud” should be changed to the name “Carl Jung.” B. The word “personality” should be changed to the phrase “real self.” *C. The word “socialization” should be changed to the word “sexuality.” D. The word “unconscious” should be changed to the word “conscious.” Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 66. Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud’s theory of development? *A. climate of sexual repression B. first wave feminism C. government censorship D. widespread anti-Semitism Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 67. Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian? *A. Albert Bandura B. Carl Jung C. Erik Erikson D. Karen Horney Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2 68. Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler’s main contributions to personality theory? Page 16 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality A. advocating for analytical psychology *B. suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality C. the idea that men have womb envy D. the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 69. What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development? *A. An individual’s personality develops throughout the lifespan. B. An individual’s personality is determined in childhood. C. Individuals are either introverts or extroverts. D. The Electra complex caused women to be neurotic. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 70. According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization? A. ability of the extrovert to become an introvert in the second half of life B. ability of the introvert to become an extrovert in the second half of life *C. balance between extroversion and introversion D. moving past the archetypes of the collective unconscious Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 71. Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them? A. moving against people B. moving away from people C. moving toward people *D. moving with people Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 72. What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality? A. They are feminist. B. They are multicultural. *C. They can be scientifically tested. D. They use animal research. Page 17 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.4 73. What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart? A. Fraternal twins have very similar personalities whether raised together or apart. B. Identical twins have very similar personality when raised together, but not when raised apart. *C. Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities. D. Twins of any kind have very similar personalities, regardless of where they are raised. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2 74. What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? A. Personality is formed solely in childhood. B. Personality is significantly shaped by the biology of the organism. *C. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. D. Personality theory should be based on social health. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 75. Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory? A. observation learning *B. reaction formation C. reciprocal determinism D. self-efficacy Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 76. Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? A. Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents. B. How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality. *C. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other. D. Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 77. How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational learning? Page 18 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality A. An individual’s behavior is determined by the environment. B. Cognitive processes depend on imitation. *C. Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate. D. The environment determines which personal factors a person chooses to observe. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 78. Which question was central to the marshmallow test? A. Do you think you could accomplish great things even when the fates are against you? B. Is your life more like a marshmallow or more like a rock? *C. Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later? D. Would you make the same decisions your parent would make? Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.4 79. Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common? A. Both theories are humanistic. B. Both theories focus on individual choices. *C. Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy. D. Both theories reject biological determinism. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2 80. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Research suggests that there are two dimensions of our temperament that are important parts of our adult personality: interactivity and self-regulation. *A. The word “interactivity” should be changed to the word “reactivity.” B. The word “personality” should be changed to the word “self.” C. The word “self-regulation” should be changed to the word “reactivity.” D. The word “temperament” should be changed to the word “character.” Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 Short Answer 81. Discuss the history of phrenology. Page 19 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Sample Answer: In 1780, Franz Gall, a German physician, proposed phrenology, the idea that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person’s personality traits, character, and mental abilities. According to Gall, measuring these distances revealed the sizes of the brain areas underneath, providing information that could be used to determine whether a person was friendly, prideful, murderous, kind, good with languages, and so on. Initially, phrenology was very popular; however, it was soon discredited for lack of empirical support and has long been relegated to the status of pseudoscience. Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 4.1 82. According to Alfred Adler, what are the three fundamental social tasks that all of us must experience? Sample Answer: Alfred Adler identified three fundamental social tasks that all of us must experience: occupational tasks (careers), societal tasks (friendship), and love tasks (finding an intimate partner for a long-term relationship). Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 83. What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? Sample Answer: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a questionnaire that determines a person’s degree of introversion versus extroversion, thinking versus feeling, intuition versus sensation, and judging versus perceiving. Carl Jung’s view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the MBTI. Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.4, 4.1 84. Explain William H. Sheldon’s now largely discredited ideas about the influence of body types on personality. Sample Answer: According to William H. Sheldon, the ectomorph personality is anxious, selfconscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private. They enjoy intellectual stimulation and feel uncomfortable in social situations. Endomorphs are the opposite of ectomorphs. Endomorphs have narrow shoulders and wide hips, and carry extra fat on their round bodies. Sheldon described endomorphs as being relaxed, comfortable, good-humored, even-tempered, sociable, and tolerant. Endomorphs enjoy affection and detest disapproval. The third somatotype is the mesomorph. Mesomorphs have large bone structure, well-defined muscles, broad shoulders, narrow waists, and attractive, strong bodies. According to Sheldon, mesomorphs are adventurous, assertive, competitive, and fearless. They are curious and enjoy trying new things, but can also be obnoxious and aggressive. Difficulty: Easy Page 20 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 4.1 85. Explain the difference between cardinal, central, and secondary traits according to Gordon Allport. Sample Answer: A cardinal trait is one that dominates our entire personality and life. Central traits are those that make up our personalities (e.g., loyal, kind, agreeable, friendly, sneaky, wild, and grouchy). Secondary traits are those that are not quite as obvious or as consistent as central traits. They are present under specific circumstances and include preferences and attitudes. Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 86. What did Raymond Cattell contribute to trait theory? Sample Answer: Raymond Cattell identified 16 factors or dimensions of personality: warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule-consciousness, social boldness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractedness, privateness, apprehension, openness to change, selfreliance, perfectionism, and tension. He developed a personality assessment based on these 16 factors, called the 16PF. Instead of a trait being present or absent, each dimension is scored over a continuum, from high to low. For example, your level of warmth describes how warm, caring, and nice you are. If you score low on this index, you tend to be more distant and cold. A high score on this index signifies you are supportive and comforting. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 87. Discuss the case of Anna O. What was her connection to Sigmund Freud? Sample Answer: Sigmund Freud worked with Josef Breuer, a Viennese physician. During this time, Freud became intrigued by the story of one of Breuer’s patients, who was referred to by the pseudonym Anna O. Anna O. had been caring for her dying father when she began to experience symptoms such as partial paralysis, headaches, blurred vision, amnesia, and hallucinations. In Freud’s day, these symptoms were commonly referred to as hysteria. Anna O. turned to Breuer for help. He spent 2 years (1880–1882) treating Anna O. and discovered that allowing her to talk about her experiences seemed to bring some relief of her symptoms. Anna O. called his treatment the talking cure. Despite the fact the Freud never met Anna O., her story served as the basis for the 1895 book, Studies on Hysteria, which he co-authored with Breuer. Based on Breuer’s description of Anna O.’s treatment, Freud concluded that hysteria was the result of sexual abuse in childhood and that these traumatic experiences had been hidden from consciousness. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 88. How do the id, ego, and superego combine to form personality? Page 21 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Sample Answer: According to Sigmund Freud, our personality develops from a conflict between two forces: our biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives versus our internal (socialized) control over these drives. Our personality is the result of our efforts to balance these two competing forces. Freud suggested that we can understand this by imagining three interacting systems within our minds. He called them the id, ego, and superego. The job of the ego, or self, is to balance the aggressive/pleasure-seeking drives of the id with the moral control of the superego. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 89. Compare and contrast projection and sublimation. Sample Answer: Both projection and sublimation are Freudian defense mechanisms. In projection, a person refuses to acknowledge her own unconscious feelings and instead sees those feelings in someone else. In sublimation, unacceptable desires are redirected through socially acceptable channels. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 90. Define and exemplify reaction formation. Sample Answer: A Freudian defense mechanism, reaction formation is when one expresses feelings, thoughts, and behaviors opposite to their inclinations. For example, a football player, Joe, with a same-sex orientation that thinks his friends and family will reject him if he comes out might find himself making gay jokes and picking on a school peer who is gay. This way, Joe’s unconscious impulses are further submerged and his ego is protected. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 91. Explain the Oedipus complex. When does it develop? What will resolve it? Sample Answer: Sigmund Freud’s third stage of psychosexual development is the phallic stage (3–6 years), corresponding to the age when children become aware of their bodies and recognize the differences between boys and girls. Conflict arises when the child feels a desire for the opposite-sex parent and jealousy and hatred toward the same-sex parent. For boys, this is called the Oedipus complex, involving a boy's desire for his mother and his urge to replace his father who is seen as a rival for the mother’s attention. At the same time, the boy is afraid his father will punish him for his feelings, so he experiences castration anxiety. The Oedipus complex is successfully resolved when the boy begins to identify with his father as an indirect way to have the mother. Failure to resolve the Oedipus complex may result in fixation and development of a personality that might be described as vain and overly ambitious. Page 22 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 92. Compare and contrast the theories of Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. Sample Answer: Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian, so his theories about personality development are related to the work of Sigmund Freud. Adler believed in the importance of social connections, seeing childhood development emerging through social development rather than the sexual stages Freud outlined. Adler’s ideas about inferiority represent a major difference between his thinking and Freud’s. Freud believed that we are motivated by sexual and aggressive urges, but Adler believed that feelings of inferiority in childhood are what drive people to attempt to gain superiority and that this striving is the force behind all of our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 93. What effect did Alfred Adler suggest birth order had on personality? Sample Answer: Alfred Adler proposed that older siblings, who start out as the focus of their parents’ attention but must share that attention once a new child joins the family, compensate by becoming overachievers. The youngest children, according to Adler, may be spoiled, leaving the middle child with the opportunity to minimize the negative dynamics of the youngest and oldest children. Despite popular attention, research has not conclusively confirmed Adler’s hypotheses about birth order. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 94. What is the main focus of Carl Jung’s analytical psychology? Sample Answer: The focus of analytical psychology is working to balance opposing forces of conscious thought, unconscious thought, and experience within one’s personality. According to Carl Jung, this work is a continuous learning process of becoming aware of unconscious elements and integrating them into consciousness (mainly occurring in the second half of life). Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 95. Explain the collective unconscious. Sample Answer: The collective unconscious is a universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us. These ancestral memories, which Carl Jung called archetypes, are represented by universal themes in various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, and dreams. Jung said that these themes reflect common experiences of people the world over, such as facing death, becoming independent, and Page 23 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality striving for mastery. Jung believed that through biology, each person is handed down the same themes and that the same types of symbols—hero, maiden, sage, and trickster—are present in the folklore and fairy tales of every culture. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 96. Compare and contrast the ideas of Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner. Sample Answer: Sigmund Freud believed that we are motivated by sexual and aggressive urges and that our personality is formed in childhood alone. B. F. Skinner proposed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns because we have developed certain response tendencies. In other words, we learn to behave in particular ways. We increase the behaviors that lead to positive consequences, and we decrease the behaviors that lead to negative consequences. Skinner disagreed with Freud’s idea that personality is fixed in childhood. He argued that personality develops over our entire life, not only in the first few years. Our responses can change as we come across new situations; therefore, we can expect more variability over time in personality than Freud would anticipate. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 97. Compare and contrast the ideas of B.F Skinner and Albert Bandura. Sample Answer: Albert Bandura agreed with B. F. Skinner that personality develops through learning. He disagreed, however, with Skinner’s strict behaviorist approach to personality development, because he felt that thinking and reasoning are important components of learning. He presented a social-cognitive theory of personality that emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual differences in personality, unlike Skinner’s theory, which emphasized learning alone. In social-cognitive theory, the concepts of reciprocal determinism, observational learning, and self-efficacy all play a part in personality development. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 98. Provide a real-life example for the three aspects of reciprocal determinism. Sample Answer: An example of reciprocal determinism can involve a decision someone makes. Think of being at a festival and one of the attractions is bungee jumping from a bridge. Do you do it? In this example, the behavior is bungee jumping. Cognitive factors that might influence this behavior include your beliefs, values, and past experiences. Finally, context refers to the reward structure for the behavior. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1 Page 24 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality 99. Explain the importance of observational learning with Albert Bandura’s theory. Sample Answer: Albert Bandura’s key contribution to learning theory was the idea that a lot of learning is vicarious. We learn by observing someone else’s behavior and its consequences, which Bandura called observational learning. He felt that this type of learning also plays a part in the development of our personality. Just as we learn individual behaviors, we also learn new behavior patterns when we see them performed by other people or models. Drawing on the behaviorists’ ideas about reinforcement, Bandura suggested that whether we choose to imitate a model’s behavior depends on whether we see the model reinforced or punished. Through observational learning, we come to learn what behaviors are acceptable and rewarded in our culture, and we also learn to inhibit deviant or socially unacceptable behaviors by seeing what behaviors are punished. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 100. What did Abraham Maslow find regarding the people he studied? Sample Answer: Abraham Maslow, a humanist, studied people who he considered to be healthy, creative, and productive, including Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and others. Maslow found that such people share similar characteristics, such as being open, creative, loving, spontaneous, compassionate, concerned for others, and accepting of themselves. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 101. How is congruence different from incongruence? Sample Answer: We experience congruence when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are very similar—in other words, when our self-concept is accurate. High congruence leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life. Conversely, when there is a great discrepancy between our ideal and actual selves, we experience a state Carl Rogers called incongruence, which can lead to maladjustment. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 4.1 102. What does research suggest regarding the Five Factor Model? Sample Answer: Researchers have found that conscientiousness increases through young adulthood into middle age, as we become better able to manage our personal relationships and careers. Agreeableness also increases with age, peaking between 50 and 70 years. Neuroticism and extroversion tend to decline slightly with age. Additionally, The Big Five traits have been shown to exist across ethnicities, cultures, and ages, and they may have substantial biological and genetic components. Page 25 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 103. Identify a criticism of classic Jungian theory. Sample Answer: Carl Jung proposed that human responses to archetypes are similar to instinctual responses in animals. One criticism of Jung is that there is no evidence that archetypes are biologically based or similar to animal instincts. Jung formulated his ideas about 100 years ago, and great advances have been made in the field of genetics since that time. We’ve found that human babies are born with certain capacities, including the ability to acquire language. However, we’ve also found that symbolic information (such as archetypes) is not encoded on the genome and that babies cannot decode symbolism, refuting the idea of a biological basis to archetypes. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 4.1 104. What does research suggest about people with an internal locus of control? Sample Answer: Research has found that people with an internal locus of control perform better academically, achieve more in their careers, are more independent, are healthier, are better able to cope, and are less depressed than people who have an external locus of control. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 105. What did Walter Mischel find when he compared the results of the marshmallow test to the outcomes of the participants years later? Sample Answer: Walter Mischel and his colleagues placed a preschool child in a room with one marshmallow on the table. The child was told that he could either eat the marshmallow now, or he could wait until the researcher returned to the room and then he could have two marshmallows. This was repeated with hundreds of preschoolers. What Mischel and his team found was that young children differ in their degree of self-control. Mischel and his colleagues continued to follow this group of preschoolers through high school, and the children who waited for the bigger reward were more successful in high school: They had higher SAT scores, had positive peer relationships, and were less likely to have substance abuse issues. As adults, they also had more stable marriages. On the other hand, those children who grabbed the one marshmallow were not as successful in high school, and they were found to have academic and behavioral problems. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 4.1 Page 26 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality 106. What is the focus of humanism? What are some humanistic criticisms of other psychological perspectives? Sample Answer: Humanism focuses on how healthy people develop. As the third force in psychology, humanism is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis, with its emphasis on psychological disturbance, and to the behaviorists’ view of humans passively reacting to the environment, which has been criticized as making people out to be personality-less robots. It does not suggest that psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and other points of view are incorrect, but it argues that these perspectives do not recognize the depth and meaning of human experience and fail to recognize the innate capacity for self-directed change and transforming personal experiences. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.5, 4.1 Essay 107. Which theory of personality makes the most sense to you? Why? Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 108. What challenges do you think Karen Horney experienced as the first woman trained as a Freudian psychoanalyst? Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.2, 2.5, 4.1 109. Discuss the ways in which your real self is different from your ideal self. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 110. Is the personality you display in social media different from the personality you display in person? Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 4.1 Copyright 2015, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. Page 27 of 27
