Download Exam 3

Exam 3
1.
What is the primary site/method of removal of acid from the body?
A. respiratory system
B. bicarbonate buffer system
* C. renal system
D. A & B
E. all of the above
2.
Which of the following is elevated during metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation?
A. pH
* B. hydrogen ion concentration
C. Pco2
D. HCO3E. B & C
3.
Which of the following is decreased during metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation?
A. pH
* B. hydrogen ion concentration
C. Pco2
D. HCO3E. B & D
4.
During respiratory acidosis with renal compensation, which of the following should increase in the
urine?
A. pH
* B. hydrogen ion concentration
C. sodium
D. HCO3E. volume
5.
During respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation, which of the following should increase in
the urine?
A. acidity
B. hydrogen ion concentration
C. sodium
* D. HCO3E. volume
6.
Where in the renal tubule are bicarbonate ions reabsorbed?
A. proximal tubule
B. loop of Henle
C. distal tubule
* D. A & C
E. all of the above
7.
*
Which of the following is an action by the kidney to regulate extracellular fluid hydrogen ion
concentration?
A. secretion of hydrogen ions
B. reabsorption of bicarbonate ions
C. production of new bicarbonate ions
D. A & B
E. all of the above
8.
9.
For every bicarbonate ion reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, which of the following is secreted?
A. sodium
* B. hydrogen
C. phosphate
D. water
E. chloride
Where in the kidney tubule is the greatest potential for hydrogen ion secretion?
A. proximal tubule
B. loop of Henle
C. descending limb
D. thick ascending limb
* E. collecting duct
10.
What is the most abundant buffer in the body?
A. water
B. hydrogen ions
C. bicarbonate ions
* D. protein
E. kidneys
11.
Which of the following is a major intracellular buffer?
A. ammonia
B. phosphate
C. protein
* D. B & C
E. all of the above
12.
Under normal conditions, the ammonia buffer system accounts for approximately how much of
the acid excreted by the kidneys?
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 40%
* E. 50%
13.
During chronic acidosis, which buffer system accounts for the majority of the new bicarbonate
ions generated by the kidneys?
A. glutamate
* B. ammonia
C. bicarbonate
D. phosphate
E. protein
14.
Which of the following can be caused by hyperventilation?
A. metabolic alkalosis
B. metabolic acidosis
* C. respiratory alkalosis
D. respiratory acidosis
E. none of the above
15.
Which of the following hormones can stimulate the secretion of hydrogen ions in the collecting
duct?
A. ADH
* B. aldosterone
C. T3
D. OT
E. ACTH
16.
Which of the following is the functional unit of the liver?
A. lobe
* B. lobule
C. central vein
D. hepatic cellular plates
E. sinusoids
17.
Which of the following cells line the sinusoids of the liver?
A. Kupffer cells
B. Ito cells
C. reticuloendothelial cells
D. A & B
* E. all of the above
18
Which of the following cells store vitamin A?
A. Kupffer cells
* B. Ito cells
C. hepatic cells
D. liver macrophages
E. reticuloendothelial cells
19.
Which of the following lies between the liver cell plates?
* A. bile canaliculi
B. central vein
C. space of Disse
D. Kupffer cells
E. lymphatic ducts
20.
Which of the following lies between the endothelial cells and hepatic cells?
A. bile canaliculi
B. sinusoids
* C. space of Disse
D. Kupffer cells
E. lymphatic ducts
21.
Which of the following empties into the hepatic sinusoids?
A. hepatic arterioles
B. portal vein
C. space of Disse
* D. A & B
E. all of the above
Which of the following empties into the hepatic lymphatic ducts?
A. bile canaliculi
* B. space of Disse
C. central vein
D. A & B
E. all of the above
22.
23.
Which of the following is a primary function of the liver?
A. blood detoxification
B. bile formation
C. bilirubin formation
* D. A & B
E. all of the above
24.
Increased hepatic pressure is a major contributor to which of the following conditions?
A. cirrhosis
* B. ascites
C. hepatitis
D. B &C
E. all of the above
25.
Where is fructose converted to glucose?
A. cytoplasm of enterocyte
B. brush boarder of small intestine
* C. liver
D. A & B
E. all of the above
26.
What is the major end product of hemoglobin degradation?
A. urobilinogen
B. stercobilin
* C. bilirubin
D. A & C
E. all of the above
27.
Jaundice caused by rapid hemolyzation of red blood cells is an example of which of the following
types of jaundice?
* A. prehepatic
B. hepatic
C. posthepatic
D. obstructive
E. none of the above
28.
Which of the following vitamins is a precursor of beta carotene?
* A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
29.
Which of the following vitamins is transported by chylomicrons to the liver?
A. B6
B. B12
C. C
* D. D
E. B2
Which of the following is a short-term storage form of iron?
A. transferrin
* B. ferritin
C. hemosiderin
D. apotransferrin
E. free iron
30.
31.
Which of the following is formed from Rathke’s pouch?
A. hypothalamus
B. posterior pituitary
* C. anterior pituitary
D. A & B
E. all of the above
32.
Which hormone of the anterior pituitary is constantly formed unless inhibited by the
hypothalamus?
A. TSH
B. GH
C. ACTH
* D. PRL
E. FSH
33.
*
Which hormone of the anterior pituitary is stimulated by a releasing hormone for both inhibition
and stimulation?
A. TSH
B. GH
C. ACTH
D. PL
E. FSH
34.
Which pituitary hormone is stimulated by GnRH?
A. ACTH
B. LH
C. FSH
* D. B & C
E. all of the above
35.
Which of the following hormones stimulates protein synthesis by almost all cells in the body?
A. GH
B. triiodothyronine
C. TSH
* D. A & B
E. all of the above
36.
Which of the following hormones causes the body to use up fat stores?
A. GH
B. triiodothyronine
C. LH
* D. A & B
E. all of the above
Which of the following hormones decreases the use of glucose for energy by some cells?
* A. GH
B. T3
C. T4
D. B & C
E. all of the above
37.
38.
Which of the following hormones is responsible for pituitary diabetes?
* A. GH
B. insulin
C. glucagon
D. cortisol
E. none of the above
39.
Which of the following is a stimulus for the release of GH?
* A. stress
B. obesity
C. senescence
D. growth hormone
E. elevated plasma glucose
40.
Which of the following inhibits the release of GH?
A. exercise
B. fasting
C. hypoglycemia
* D. elevated plasma fatty acids
E. testosterone
41.
Which of the following may have normal levels of GH?
* A. dwarfism
B. gigantism
C. acromegaly
D. A & B
E. none of the above
42.
What organ plays an important role is the activation of GH?
A. kidney
* B. liver
C. spleen
D. lungs
E. small intestine
43.
Which of the following is decreased with elevated GH?
A. amino acid transport through the cell
B. insulin secretion
C. reproduction of cells
D. mobilization of fatty acids
* E. glucose utilization
44.
Which of the following hormones increases the rate of nuclear transcription of DNA?
A. TRH
B. TSH
* C. GH
D. PRL
E. GnRH
45.
Which hormone is measured to determine the onset of puberty?
A. TSH
B. hGH
C. PIF
* D. GnRH
E. FSH
46.
Which of the following enhance the absorption of calcium in the small intestine?
A. PTH
* B. 1, 25 – dihydroxycholecalciferol
C. calcitonin
D. A & B
E. all of the above
47.
*
Which of the following hormones stimulate the thyroid gland to produce T 4?
A. T3
B. TRH
C. TSRH
D. TSH
E. thyroglobulin
48.
The majority of the thyroid hormone secreted from the thyroid gland is in what form?
A. monoiodotyrosine
B. diiodotyrosine
C. triiodothyronine
* D. thyroxin
E. thyroglobulin
49.
Which of the following is the major constituent of the colloid?
A. monoiodotyrosine
B. diiodotyrosine
C. triiodothyronine
D. thyroxin
* E. thyroglobulin
50.
What substance is iodine bond with during organification?
A. T4
B. peroxidase
C. H2O2
* D. thyroglobulin
E. T3
51.
Which of the following can generally be found in plasma?
A. thyroglobulin
B. T1
C. T2
D. T3
E. diiodotyrosine
*
52.
Most of the thyroid hormones in the plasma are transported via which of the following?
* A. TBG
B. TGB
C. albumin
D. prealbumin
E. in the free state
53.
Where are thyroid hormone receptors located?
A. on the cell surface
B. in the thyroid gland
* C. near the DNA
D. near the mitochondria
E. in the cytoplasm
54.
Which of the following is an action of thyroxin?
A. decreased BMR
B. decreased protein synthesis
C. decreased protein catabolism
* D. accelerated growth rate
E. decreased endocrine activity
55.
Which of the following is true for both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism?
A. difficulty falling asleep
* B. loss of libido
C. muscular tremor
D. increased neural activity
E. increased respiration
56.
In the State of Texas requires testing for which of the following at birth?
A. hyperthyroidism
B. hypothyroidism
* C. cretinism
D. measles
E. metabolic rate
57.
Which of the following hormonal axis is correct?
* A. TRH→ TSH→ T4, T3
B. GnRH → FSH→ testosterone production (male)
C. GnRH→ LH→ spermatogenesis
D. GHIH→GH→ growth
E. All of the above are correct.
58.
Which of the following hormones is anabolic on muscle protein at physiological concentrations,
but is catabolic at very high levels?
A. insulin
B. GH
C. testosterone
D. T3
E. somatomedins
*
59.
*
60.
*
61.
What happens to circulating TSH concentration when the concentration of T 4 and T3 are
abnormally high for an extended period of time?
A. increases
B. increases but returns to normal with a single injection of TRH
C. decreases and does not return to normal after a single injection of TRH
D. remains normal
E. remains normal but increases after a single injection of TRH
Which of the following functions is assisted by thyroperoxidase?
A. iodination of thyroglobulin
B. action of thyroxine at the cellular level
C. hydrolysis of thyroglobulin
D. release of thyroxine from thyroglobulin
E. conversion of T4 to T3
What abnormal state is induced with excessive secretion of GH in a prepubertal individual?
A. acromegaly
B. hyperglycemia
* C. giantism
D. cryptorchidism
E. dwarfism
62.
What action does high levels of thyroid hormone induce that result in weakness from loss of
muscle mass in prolonged hyperthyroidism?
A. inhibition of muscle protein synthesis
B. decrease nutrient uptake from the GI tract
C. stimulate muscle protein degradation
D. directly and strongly activate hepatic gluconeogenesis
E. decrease TSH
*
63.
Which of the following is true for the major fraction of triiodothyronine in the body?
A. produced in the thyroid gland
B. produced in the non-thyroid tissues of the body
C. bound to TBG
D. activated by iodination of di-iodothyronine
E. formed from reverse T 3
*
64.
Which of the following is an action of TSH?
A. decreased proteolysis of thyroglobulin
B. decreased activity of thyroid iodide pump
* C. increased iodination of tyrosin
D. decreases secretory activity of thyroid cells
E. decreases number of thyroid cells
65.
*
66.
*
67.
*
68.
*
A child deficient in thyroid hormone will suffer which of the following side effects?
A. decreased fat storage
B. physical and mental retardation
C. skin lesions
D. giantism
E. hyperactivity
Which of the following is most directly responsible for the increased absorption of calcium from
the intestinal tract?
A. phosphate
B. cholecalciferol
C. 1, 25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol
D. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
E. PTH
Which of the following is NOT true concerning 1,25 – dihydroxycholecalciferol?
A. promotes intestinal absorption of calcium
B. increases calcium-binding protein in the intestinal epithelial cells
C. promotes formation of a calcium - stimulated ATPase in the brush border of the epithelial cells
D. diminishes formation of an alkaline phosphatase in the epithelial cells of the GI tract
E. enhances phosphate flux through the GI epithelium
Which of the following is associated with hypercalcemia?
A. excitable nervous system
B. sluggish CNS reflexes
C. tetany
D. convulsions
E. impaired blood clotting
69.
Which of the following is associated with hypocalcemia?
A. depressed nervous system
B. decreased QT interval of heart
C. depressed contractility of GI muscular wall
D. blood calcium levels in excess of 12 mg/dl
* E. easy initiation of action potentials
70.
Which of the following will enhance bone deposition?
A. parathyroid hormone
* B. osteoblasts
C. osteoclasts
D. Rickets
E. pregnancy
71.
In which of the following conditions will the parathyroid gland be enlarged?
A. excess quantities of Ca
B. increased dietary vitamin D
C. bone absorption from disease state - not PTH
* D. lactation
E. blood Ca levels exceeding 12 mg/dl
72.
In which of the following situations will the parathyroid gland be reduced?
A. persistent low calcium levels
B. Rickets
C. pregnancy
D. lactation
* E. increased dietary vitamin D
73.
What is the major regulator of calcitonin?
A. PTH
* B. blood calcium levels
C. TSH
D. T3
E. T 4
74.
*
75.
*
1.
Where does the conversion of cholecalciferol to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol occur?
A. skin
B. liver
C. kidney
D. GI tract
E. in the plasma
What is responsible for the conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol?
A. the liver
B. the skin
C. vitamin D
D. parathyroid hormone
E. intestinal epithelium
What is the most abundant buffer in the body?
A. HCO3* B. protein
C. water
D. glucose
E. mucus
2.
What catalyst is needed to form carbonic acid from water and CO 2?
A. trypsin
B. carbonic anhydrase
C. bicarbonate base
D. HCl
E. gastrin
*
3.
Which of the following is a major buffer of H + in the renal tubule?
A. protein
B. HCO3C. water
D. carbonic acid
* E. phosphate
4.
Which of the following helps to compensate for depletion of bicarbonate stores due to respiratory
loss of CO2?
A. lungs
* B. kidneys
C. HCO3D. protein
E. phosphate
5.
Which of the following is a response by the kidney to systemic acidosis?
A. metabolizing of glutamine to ammonium and HCO3B. increased HCO3- secretion
C. increased H+ reabsorption
D. increased reabsorption of phosphate
E. increased filtering of HCO3-
*
6.
*
In a healthy individual with normal acid-base balance, how much of the filtered bicarbonate is
reabsorbed?
A. >99%
B. 75%
C. 50%
D. 25%
E. None. The kidney makes all new bicarbonate by breaking down glutamine.
Which of the following is accomplished by the secretion of H + by the nephron?
A. increased HCO3- secretion
* B. increased net excretion of H+
C. increased urine pH
D. increased HCO3- formation by glutamine
E. decreased phosphate buffering in the nephron
7.
8.
*
In an individual with alkalosis, which of the following would you hope to see in the urine?
A. increased H+
B. decreased pH
C. increased HCO3D. increased buffering of H+ by ammonia
E. increased buffering of H+ by phosphate
Which of the following is reduced by the buffering of extracellular H + and the excessive blowing
off of CO2 in the lungs?
* A. extracellular fluid bicarbonate concentration
B. alkalosis
C. extracellular pH
D. urine pH
E. H+ reabsorption by the nephron
9.
10.
*
11.
*
12.
Which of the following will increases in the urine during acidosis?
A. NH4+
B. pH
C. bicarbonate ions
D. protein
E. glutamine
Which of the following will decrease bicarbonate reabsorption?
A. systemic alkalosis
B. systemic acidosis
C. decreased bicarbonate ion concentration
D. low pH
E. increased [H+]
Diagnose the following acid-base condition.
pH = 6.8
HCO3- = 20
Pco2 = 40
*
13.
A. respiratory acidosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
E. respiratory acidosis with compensation
AB. respiratory alkalosis with compensation
AC. metabolic acidosis with compensation
AD. metabolic alkalosis with compensation
Diagnose the following acid-base condition.
pH = 7.54
HCO3- = 20
Pco2 = 38
*
A. respiratory acidosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
E. respiratory acidosis with compensation
AB. respiratory alkalosis with compensation
AC. metabolic acidosis with compensation
AD. metabolic alkalosis with compensation
14.
Diagnose the following acid-base condition.
pH = 7.46
HCO3- = 27
Pco2 = 45
A. respiratory acidosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
E. respiratory acidosis with compensation
AB. respiratory alkalosis with compensation
AC. metabolic acidosis with compensation
* AD. metabolic alkalosis with compensation
15.
Diagnose the following acid-base condition.
pH = 7.2
HCO3- = 15
Pco2 = 27
*
16.
*
17.
A. respiratory acidosis
B. respiratory alkalosis
C. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
E. respiratory acidosis with compensation
AB. respiratory alkalosis with compensation
AC. metabolic acidosis with compensation
AD. metabolic alkalosis with compensation
Which of the following could have a pH of 7.6 and be within normal limits?
A. arterial blood
B. venous blood
C. extracellular fluid
D. urine
E. intracellular fluid
Diagnose the following acid-base condition.
pH = 7.5
HCO3- = 24
Pco2 = 38
A. respiratory acidosis
* B. respiratory alkalosis
C. metabolic acidosis
D. metabolic alkalosis
E. respiratory acidosis with compensation
AB. respiratory alkalosis with compensation
AC. metabolic acidosis with compensation
AD. metabolic alkalosis with compensation
18.
*
19.
*
20.
What is the functional unit of the liver?
A. lobe
B. hepatocytes
C. lobules
D. central vein
E. cellular plates
Which of the following separates adjacent liver lobules?
A. bile canaliculi
B. sinusoids
C. space of Disse
D. fibrous septa
E. central veins
Which of the following is lined exclusively with endothelial cells?
A. bile canaliculi
* B. hepatic sinusoids
C. space of Disse
D. central vein
E. bile duct
21.
*
Which of the following is directly connected to the lymphatic system?
A. bile canaliculi
B. hepatic sinusoids
C. space of Disse
D. central vein
E. bile duct
22.
What is the origin of Kupffer cells?
A. hepatocytes
B. Langerhans cells
C. erythrocytes
D. endothelial cells
* E. monocytes
23.
Which of the following can be caused by increased hepatic venous pressure?
A. right heart failure
B. ascites
C. esophageal varicosities
* D. B & C
E. all of the above
Which of the following contains fat globules and vitamin A storage?
A. hepatocytes
* B. Ito cells
C. hepatic endothelial
D. Littoral cells
E. Kupffer cells
24.
25.
*
Which of the following can cause hemolytic jaundice?
A. gall stones
B. gall bladder infection
C. hepatic infection
D. enlarged spleen
E. cirrhosis
26.
What is the end product of RBC degradation?
A. iron
B. protein
C. hemoglobin
* D. bilirubin
E. bile
27.
Which of the following is a common cause of post hepatic jaundice?
* A. bile duct obstruction
B. gall bladder infection
C. hepatic infection
D. enlarged spleen
E. cirrhosis
28.
What source of the majority of blood to the liver?
A. hepatic artery
* B. portal vein
C. hepatic vein
D. central vein
E. sinusoids
29.
Which of the following supplies blood to the septal tissues?
* A. hepatic arterioles
B. portal vein
C. hepatic vein
D. central vein
E. sinusoids
30.
Which of the following is a function of the liver?
A. bile production
B. formation of glycogen
C. blood reservoir
D. A & B
* E. all of the above
31.
*
32.
*
33.
*
Approximately what percentage of the cardiac output flows to the liver?
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 40%
E. 50%
Which of the following is not a role of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism?
A. storage of glycogen
B. conversion of glucose to galactose
C. gluconeogenesis
D. formations of intermediate products of carbohydrate metabolism
E. maintenance of glucose concentration
Which of the following is not a role of the liver in fat metabolism?
A. slow rate of oxidation of fatty acids to supply energy
B. formation of most of the lipoproteins
C. synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids
D. conversion of carbohydrates to fat
E. conversion of proteins to fat
34.
Which of the following is not a role of the liver in protein metabolism?
A. formation of all essential amino acids
B. deamination of amino acids
C. formation of urea for removal of ammonia
D. formation of plasma proteins
E. interconversion of amino acids for metabolism
*
35.
Which of the following is associated with lymph production/flow in a hepatic cellular plate?
A. Kupffer cells
B. Ito cells
* C. space of Disse
D. endothelial cells
E. bile canaliculi
36.
*
37.
*
38.
*
Which hepatic structure forms a permeable membrane?
A. canaliculi
B. endothelial cells
C. Ito cells
D. Kupffer cells
E. space of Disse
Which hepatic structure carries bile from hepatic cells to bile ducts?
A. canaliculi
B. endothelial cells
C. Ito cells
D. Kupffer cells
E. space of Disse
Which hepatic structure removes bacteria and particulate material?
A. canaliculi
B. endothelial cells
C. Ito cells
D. Kupffer cells
E. space of Disse
39.
Which of the following is synonymous with the posterior pituitary?
A. adenohypophysis
* B. neurohypophysis
C. pars intermedia
D. supraoptic nucleus
E. pituicytes
40.
What is the origin of the anterior pituitary?
A. Rathke’s pouch
B. roof of the mouth
C. hypothalamus
* D. A & B
E. none of the above
41.
Which of the following cells produces ACTH?
A. somatotropes
* B. corticotropes
C. thyrotropes
D. gonadotropes
E. lactotropes
42.
Which of the following hormones is produced in the posterior pituitary?
A. oxytocin
B. ACTH
C. hGH
D. PRL
* E. none of the above
43.
Where is the majority of ADH produced?
A. posterior pituitary
B. anterior pituitary
C. produced by adrenocorticotropin
* D. supraoptic nucleus
E. paraventricular nucleus
44.
The release of which of the following is stimulated by exposure to cold?
* A. TRH
B. CRH
C. FSH
D. LH
E. PRL
45.
Which of the following is regulated by an inhibitory hormone?
A. TSH
B. ACTH
C. FSH
D. LH
* E. PRL
46.
Which of the following is responsible for the stimulation of the maturation of sperm and ova?
A. TSH
B. ACTH
* C. FSH
D. LH
E. PRL
47.
*
48.
*
49.
*
Which of the following stimulates the production of the testosterone in men?
A. TSH
B. ACTH
C. FSH
D. LH
E. PRL
Which of the following is responsible for the production of milk by the mammary glands?
A. TSH
B. ACTH
C. FSH
D. LH
E. PRL
Which of the following, when produced in excessive amounts, can lead to pituitary diabetes?
A. TSH
B. ACTH
C. FSH
D. hGH
E. PRL
50.
Which of the following is a result of elevated hGH?
A. increased protein catabolism
B. decreased mobilization of fatty acids
C. increased glucose utilization
* D. increased percentage of lean tissue
E. all of the above
51.
Which of the following is associated with elevated hGH?
A. elevated blood glucose
B. increased glycogen deposition in the cells
C. increased insulin secretion
D. increased rate of cellular reproduction
* E. all of the above
52.
Which of the following is a stimulatory factor for hGH?
* A. exercise
B. obesity
C. growth hormone
D. senescence
E. all of the above
53.
Which of the following inhibits the release of hGH?
A. stress
B. fasting
C. protein depletion
* D. elevated blood glucose
E. all of the above
54.
Which of the following conditions can have normal hGH levels?
* A. dwarfism
B. gigantism
C. acromegaly
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
55.
Which of the following is a complication of the acromegaly?
* A. vision disturbances
B. weight loss
C. fever
D. atrophy of muscles
E. hyperactivity
56.
Which of the following act to enhance the activity of growth hormone?
A. vitamins
B. minerals
* C. somatomedins
D. somatostatins
E. GHIH
57.
What is the primary transporter of thyroid hormones?
* A. TBG
B. TGB
C. albumin
D. prealbumin
E. TSH
58.
Which of the following has the longest half-life of activity?
A. T1
B. T2
C. T3
* D. T4
E. calcitonin
59.
*
60.
Which of the following is not a metabolic regulating hormone?
A. T1
B. T3
C. calcitonin
D. A & C
E. none of the above
Which of the following increases with hypothyroidism?
A. body temperature
* B. weight
C. mental processes
D. A & B
E. all of the above
61.
Which of the following is associated with both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism?
A. difficulty with sleep
B. loss of libido
C. increased BMR
* D. A & B
E. all of the above
62.
If a person has hypothyroidism due to reduced TSH levels, how is the condition categorized?
A. primary
* B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. axial
E. hormonally induced
63.
*
64.
65.
What type of cells are found in the thyroid follicle?
A. epithelioid
B. squamous
C. cuboidal
D. A & C
E. all of the above
Which of the following is associated with hypothyroidism?
A. fine tremor
B. increased BMR
* C. decreased endocrine activity
D. increased need for calories
E. heat intolerance
Which of the following is primarily responsible for increasing the activity of the thyroid iodide
pump?
A. TRH
* B. TSH
C. thyroglobulin
D. TBG
E. thyrotrophs
66.
*
Which of the following will decrease TRH?
A. anxiety
B. elevated T3
C. decreased TGB
D. A & B
E. all of the above
67.
Which of the following will lead to an increase in heart rate and myocardial contractility?
A. TSH
B. TRH
* C. T4
D. A & B
E. all of the above
68.
Which of the following is associated with cretinism?
A. decreased T3 levels
B. mental retardation
C. physical retardation
D. A & B
* E. all of the above
69.
*
70.
*
71.
Where does the conversion of cholecalciferol to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol occur?
A. skin
B. liver
C. kidney
D. GI tract
E. in the plasma
What is responsible for the conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol?
A. the liver
B. the skin
C. vitamin D
D. parathyroid hormone
E. intestinal epithelium
Which of the following is directly stimulated by PTH?
A. osteocytes
B. osteoblasts
C. osteoclasts
D. Haversian cells
E. Haversian canals
*
72.
*
What changes occur in urine during the presence of elevated parathormone?
A. increased calcium
B. increased phosphate
C. elevated sodium
D. decreased potassium
E. increased volume
73.
*
74.
*
75.
Parathormone is directly responsible for which of the following?
A. increased GI absorption of calcium
B. elevated alkaline phosphatase
C. elevation of blood calcium levels
D. formation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
E. increased calcium binding protein
Which of the following is associated with hypercalcemia?
A. excitable nervous system
B. sluggish CNS reflexes
C. tetany
D. convulsions
E. impaired blood clotting
Which of the following will enhance bone deposition?
A. parathyroid hormone
* B. osteoblasts
C. osteoclasts
D. Rickets
E. pregnancy
1.
*
Which of the following is defined by its ability to reversibly bind hydrogen ions?
A. acid
B. base
C. pH
D. buffer
E. proteins
2.
Which of the following is inversely related to pH?
A. bicarbonate ions
* B. hydrogen ions
C. hydroxyl ions
D. water
E. buffers
3.
Which of the following functions as a base and a buffer in the body?
A. water
B. carbonic acid
* C. protein
D. hydrogen ions
E. phosphate
4.
Which of the following can be used to calculate the pH of a solution?
A. Fick’s law
B. Sterling’s law
C. David Hasselbalch equation
* D. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
E. law of the dissociation constant
5.
What is the most powerful long-term regulator of acid-base balance?
A. bicarbonate ions
B. carbonic acid system
C. lungs
D. phosphate buffer system
E. renal system
*
6.
Which of the following is part of the most abundant buffering system in the body?
* A. hemoglobin
B. hydroxyl ions
C. phosphate
D. ammonia
E. water
7.
*
8.
*
9.
*
Which of the following could have a pH of 8 and still be considered within the normal range?
A. arterial blood
B. saliva
C. urine
D. venous blood
E. gastric juices
Where is carbonic anhydrase found in abundance?
A. red blood cells
B. kidney tubule cells
C. lung alveoli
D. B & C
E. all of the above
During metabolic acidosis, if the body is compensating, which of the following will be seen?
A. deep rapid breathing
B. decreased breathing rate
C. alkaline urine
D. cold clammy skin
E. warm sweaty skin
10.
During metabolic alkalosis, which of the following is a compensatory mechanism?
A. acid urine
B. increased respiratory rate
C. increased production of bicarbonate ions
D. splitting of glutamine
* E. elevated carbon dioxide
11.
Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism for respiratory acidosis?
A. elevated hydrogen ions
B. decreased pH
C. renal reabsorption of hydrogen ions
* D. splitting of glutamine
E. production of an alkaline urine
12.
Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?
A. production of acidic urine
B. formation of bicarbonate ions by the kidney
C. increased rate of respiration
* D. renal secretion of bicarbonate ions
E. splitting of glutamine by the kidney
13.
Which of the following buffers functions both inside the cell and in the kidney tubule?
* A. phosphate
B. protein
C. ammonia
D. bicarbonate ions
E. glutamate
14.
Which of the following is the most important extracellular buffer?
A. phosphate
B. protein
C. ammonia
* D. bicarbonate ions
E. glutamate
15.
*
16.
What is the ratio of HCO-3 to CO2 in the extracellular fluid?
A. 20:1
B. 1:20
C. 1:1
D. 1:2
E. 1:10
What is the largest visceral organ?
A. alimentary canal
B. kidneys
C. spleen
D. pancreas
* E. liver
17.
What is the functional unit of the liver?
A. lobe
B. hepatocyte
C. Kupffer cells
* D. lobule
E. sinusoids
18.
*
Which of the following stores vitamin A?
A. lobule
B. sinusoids
C. Kupffer cells
D. Ito cells
E. hepatocytes
19.
Which of the following form bile?
* A. hepatocyte
B. sinusoids
C. bile canaliculi
D. lobule
E. Kupffer cells
20.
Which of the following are derived from monocytes?
A. Ito cells
* B. Kupffer cells
C. hepatocytes
D. sinusoids
E. lobules
21.
Which of the following functions as part of the lymphatic system?
A. sinusoids
* B. space of Disse
C. lobules
D. Ito cells
E. hepatic macrophages
22.
Which of the following represents the normal hepatic vein pressure (mm HG)?
* A. 0
B. 5
C. 9
D. 12
E. 25
23.
What is the source for the majority of hepatic blood flow?
* A. portal vein
B. hepatic artery
C. hepatic vein
D. celiac artery
E. mesenteric artery
24.
Which of the following is a major function of the liver?
A. absorption of foodstuffs
B. digestion of glucose
C. blood reservoir
D. formation of bilirubin
E. degradation of bile
*
25.
*
Which of the following is a result of elevated hepatic venous pressure?
A. right heart failure
B. ascites
C. elevated vena cava pressure
D. increased venous return
E. liver atrophy
26.
Which of the following is a common cause of post-hepatic jaundice?
A. sickle cell anemia
B. spleenamegaly
* C. gall stones
D. cirrhosis
E. hepatitis
27.
Which of the following is critical for retinal formation?
* A. vitamin A
B. vitamin B12
C. vitamin C
D. vitamin D
E. vitamin E
28.
*
29.
Which of the following is activated by the liver?
A. vitamin A
B. vitamin B12
C. vitamin C
D. vitamin D
E. vitamin E
Which of the following is necessary for some clotting factors to function?
A. vitamin A
B. vitamin B12
C. vitamin C
D. vitamin D
* E. vitamin K
30.
Which of the following functions like a hormone?
A. vitamin A
B. vitamin B12
C. vitamin C
* D. vitamin D
E. vitamin E
31.
Where is the primary site of releasing hormone formation?
* A. hypothalamus
B. anterior pituitary
C. posterior pituitary
D. adrenal cortex
E. pancreas
32.
What is the primary regulator of the endocrine system?
* A. hypothalamus
B. anterior pituitary
C. posterior pituitary
D. adrenal cortex
E. pancreas
33.
Which of the following is called the “master gland”?
A. hypothalamus
B. pituitary
C. thyroid
D. adrenal cortex
E. pancreas
*
34.
Which of the following is produced by the somatotrophs?
A. OT
B. PRL
* C. GH
D. ACTH
E. CRH
35.
Which anterior pituitary hormone does not have its receptors at a single end organ?
A. FSH
B. LH
C. ACTH
D. TSH
* E. GH
36.
*
37.
*
Which anterior pituitary hormone is controlled by two hormones from the hypothalamus?
A. GH
B. PRL
C. TSH
D. ACTH
E. MSH
Which pituitary hormone is controlled only by an inhibitory hormone?
A. GH
B. PRL
C. TSH
D. ACTH
E. MSH
38.
Which of the following has a similar origin as the anterior pituitary?
A. posterior pituitary
B. hypothalamus
* C. oral palate
D. sella turcica
E. brain stem
39.
Which of the following is produced by the posterior pituitary?
A. ADH
B. GH
C. PRL
D. all of the above
* E. none of the above
40.
Which of the following is used for endocrine communication from the hypothalamus to the
anterior pituitary?
A. axons
B. dendrites
C. ganglia
* D. blood
E. neurotransmitters
41.
Which of the following is enhanced with elevated GH?
A. fat storage
B. aging
* C. blood glucose
D. carbohydrate utilization
E. protein catabolism
42.
Which of the following can indirectly elevate insulin levels?
A. GH
B. cortisol
C. hypoglycemia
* D. A & B
E. all of the above
43.
Which of the following can lead to diminished GH levels?
A. high carbohydrate diet
B. insomnia
C. senescence
D. hyperglycemia
* E. all of the above
44.
Which of the following is necessary for the function of GH?
A. high protein diet
* B. somatomedian C
C. open epiphyseal plates
D. GHIH
E. elevated blood glucose
45.
Which of the following is enhanced by GH?
A. adiposcite storage
* B. gluconeogenesis
C. glycogen storage
D. hypoglycemia
E. protein catabolism
46.
*
If a person has a normal healthy functioning thyroid gland, with elevated levels of TRH but
decreased levels of TSH, what will happen to the plasma levels of the thyroid hormones?
A. will be normal
B. will be elevate
C. will be decreased
*
Which of the following is a stimulus for the release of TRH?
A. elevated T4 levels
B. increased metabolic rate
C. increase TSH
D. high temperatures
E. exposure to cold
47.
48.
*
49.
Which of the following is the major regulator of calcitonin and PTH?
A. TSH
B. PT gland
C. blood calcium levels
D. vitamin D
E. T4 levels
In which of the following would the PT gland be reduced in size?
A. Rickets
B. pregnancy
C. lactation
* D. hypercalcemia
E. persistent low calcium levels
50.
What is the most potent form of thyroid hormone?
A. mono-iodothyronine
B. diiodothyronine
* C. triiodothyronine
D. thyroxin
E. thyroglobulin
51.
The majority of circulating thyroid hormone is converted to what form at the cellular level?
A. mono-iodothyronine
B. diiodothyronine
* C. triiodothyronine
D. thyroxine
E. thyroglobulin
52.
The process of adding which of the following substances to thyroglobulin is called organification?
A. tyrosine
B. peroxidase
C. hydrogen peroxide
* D. iodine
E. protein
53.
What is the major constituent of colloid?
A. thyroid hormones
B. water
* C. thyroglobulin
D. iodine
E. thyroxine-binding globulin
54.
Where are the receptors for thyroid hormones located?
A. on the cell membrane
B. in the cytoplasm
C. on the mitochondria
* D. in/on the nucleus
E. in the colloid
55.
How is the majority of T3 and T4 transported?
A. in the free state
B. with TGB
* C. with TBG
D. with pre-albumin
E. with albumin
56.
Which of the following will increase with elevated thyroid hormones?
A. fat stores
* B. heat production
C. body weight
D. blood glucose
E. fine muscle control
57.
Which of the following increases proteolysis of thyroglobulin?
A. TRH
B. TBG
C. T3
D. T4
* E. TSH
58.
*
59.
Which of the following is associated with cretinism?
A. increased BMR
B. elevated heart rate
C. increased heat production
D. excited mental processes
E. severe mental and physical retardation
Where is thyroglobulin formed?
* A. endoplasmic reticulum
B. in the Golgi apparatus
C. in the colloid
D. in the follicles
E. in the anterior pituitary
60.
*
61.
*
Organification refers to the binding of iodine with which of the following substances?
A. thyroglobulin
B. T2
C. T3
D. T4
E. TBG
Which of the following will decrease in the cell in the presence of hyperthyroidism?
A. protein enzymes
B. structural proteins
C. transport proteins
D. glycogen stores
E. heat production
62.
Which of the following is a result of thyroid hormone on carbohydrate metabolism?
A. decreased carbohydrate uptake
* B. enhanced glycolysis
C. decreased gluconeogenesis
D. decreased GI absorption
E. decreased insulin secretion
63.
Which of the following is a result of thyroid hormone on fat metabolism?
A. increased fat stores
* B. increased lipid mobilization
C. decreased oxidation of free fatty acids
D. increased plasma cholesterol levels
E. increased plasma triglycerides
64.
Which of the following is an action of TSH?
A. decreased proteolysis of thyroglobulin
B. decreased activity of thyroid iodide pump
* C. increased iodination of tyrosine
D. decreases secretory activity of thyroid cells
E. decreases number of thyroid cells
65.
*
66.
*
67.
*
68.
*
69.
A child deficient in thyroid hormone will suffer which of the following side effects?
A. decreased fat storage
B. physical and mental retardation
C. skin lesions
D. gigantism
E. hyperactivity
Which of the following is most directly responsible for the increased absorption of calcium from
the intestinal tract?
A. phosphate
B. cholecalciferol
C. 1, 25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol
D. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
Which of the following is NOT true concerning 1,25 - Dihydroxycholecalciferol.
A. promotes intestinal absorption of calcium
B. increases calcium-binding protein n the intestinal epithelial cells
C. promotes formation of a calcium - stimulated ATPase in the brush border of the epithelial cells
D. diminishes formation of an alkaline phosphatase in the epithelial cells
E. enhances phosphate flux through the GI epithelium
Which of the following is associated with hypercalcemia?
A. excitable nervous system
B. sluggish CNS reflexes
C. tetany
D. convulsions
E. impaired blood clotting
Which of the following is associated with hypocalcaemia?
A. depressed nervous system
B. decreased QT interval of heart
C. depressed contractility of GI muscular wall
D. blood calcium levels in excess of 12 mg/dl
* E. easy initiation of action potentials
70.
Which of the following will enhance bone deposition?
A. parathyroid hormone
* B. osteoblasts
C. osteoclasts
D. Rickets
E. pregnancy
71.
In which of the following conditions will the parathyroid gland be enlarged?
A. excess quantities of Ca
B. increased dietary vitamin D
C. bone absorption from disease state - not PTH
* D. lactation
E. blood Ca levels exceeding 12 mg/dl
72.
In which of the following situations will the parathyroid gland be reduced?
A. persistent low calcium levels
B. Rickets
C. pregnancy
D. lactation
* E. increased dietary vitamin D
73.
What is the major regulator of calcitonin?
A. PTH
* B. blood calcium levels
C. TSH
D. T3
E. T 4
74.
*
75.
*
Where does the conversion of cholecalciferol to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol occur?
A. skin
B. liver
C. kidney
D. GI tract
E. in the plasma
What is responsible for the conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol?
A. the liver
B. the skin
C. vitamin D
D. parathyroid hormone
E. intestinal epithelium