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Reading quiz questions for week 3 of BIOL 220 (July 8-10) For July 8 (45.5) Which of the following statements about closed circulatory systems is FALSE? Blood remains in blood vessels. Blood pressure and blood flow are generally lower than in open circulatory systems. – YES Blood pressure is supplied by the heart. Blood flow can be directed to the specific tissues that need it the most. Vertebrates have this type of circulatory system. Some animals can survive without circulatory systems by maximizing exchange via diffusion. Which of the following does NOT help these animals meet their needs via diffusion? small size highly folded gastrovascular cavity a body shape that maximizes the surface area/volume ratio churning of body fluids hemolymph’s high viscosity – YES The blood vessel(s) with the thickest walls is/are the pulmonary artery aorta – YES capillaries veins nephrons The leakage of water through the wall of a leaky garden hose is analogous to fluid leaving the capillaries due to hydrostatic pressure – YES fluid entering the capillaries due to hydrostatic pressure fluid leaving the capillaries due to osmotic pressure fluid entering the capillaries due to osmotic pressure blood clotting in the capillaries Blood travels the slowest in Arteries Arterioles Capillaries – YES Venules Veins Reading quiz questions for week 3 of BIOL 220 (July 8-10) For July 9 (45.1-45.3) Why is there less oxygen at the top of Mount Everest than at sea level? On Everest, oxygen is a smaller faction of the total atmospheric gases On Everest, there are no plants to release oxygen into the air On Everest, the atmospheric pressure is lower, so oxygen levels are lower as well – YES On Everest, the high levels of ozone (O3) mean there's less room for diatomic oxygen (O2) Which of the following will decrease the rate of diffusion, according to Fick's Law? Increasing the thickness of the diffusion barrier – YES Increasing the surface area Increasing the pressure gradient Increasing the diffusion constant Why are fish gills called a "countercurrent exchange" system? Blood and water flow in opposite directions – YES Oxygen flows against its gradient They are most effective for fish swimming against a river's current Oxygen flows from blood to gills and carbon dioxide flows in the opposite direction Water flows up from the stomach and out the mouth When the diaphragm contracts during inhalation, the lungs Stay the same Expand because the pressure in the chest cavity becomes more positive Expand because the pressure in the chest cavity becomes more negative – YES Collapse because the pressure in the chest cavity becomes more positive Collapse because the pressure in the chest cavity becomes more negative When carbon dioxide dissolves in the blood, Hydrogen ion concentration and pH stay the same Hydrogen ion concentration increases and pH increases Hydrogen ion concentration increases and pH decreases – YES Hydrogen ion concentration decreases and pH increases Hydrogen ion concentration decreases and pH decreases Reading quiz questions for week 3 of BIOL 220 (July 8-10) For July 10 (45.4) Each molecule of hemoglobin contains _________ heme molecules. Zero One Two Three Four – YES Most of the blood's oxygen is carried by Plasma Platelets White blood cells Red blood cells – YES Albumin According to the "Bohr Shift," the oxygen saturation curve shifts to the right as blood pH drops. This means that as blood pH drops, the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin Increases Decreases – YES Does not change Either increases or decreases, depending on the partial pressure of oxygen Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that converts __________ to _____________ and vice versa. Oxygen; carbon dioxide Bicarbonate; chloride and carbonate Carbon dioxide and water; bicarbonate and hydrogen ions – YES Water; hydrogen ions and hydroxide Compared with adult hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen More tightly – YES Less tightly Equally tightly More or less tightly, depending on the partial pressure of oxygen