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Rachael Powers An open circulatory system includes the blood and interstitial fluids combined flowing through the vessels and into the sinuses. This fluid is called hemolymph. On the other hand, there is the closed circulatory system, where the blood and the interstitial fluids run separately through the body. Humans have closed circulatory systems, called the cardiovascular system. -The human heart has two atria, which are the chambers that pump blood that into the heart -The heart also has ventricles, which are the chambers that pump blood out of the heart. -Arteries, veins, and capillaries are the three main kinds of blood vessels -Arteries carry blood out of the heart and throughout the body -The arteries then give the blood to the capillaries Two chambers Three chambers Four chambers -The two ventricles pump in unison, bringing blood out while more blood is entering the heart -An adult at rest has a heart beat of about 75 beats per minute -Blood vessels are all made of similar tissues. The lining of the blood vessels is an endothelium, which is a single layer of flattened cells that provide a smooth surface so there is minimal resistance in the blood flow. -Blood flows through the blood vessels at different speeds and pressures. The thinner the wall, the lower velocity of flow, and the thicker, the higher velocity speed of blood. -LAW OF CONTINUITY- states that a fluid flows faster through a narrow segment of blood vessel than it does a thicker. The only problem with this is that capillaries are different because the blood coming from the arteries is slow moving and it continues to flow slowly in the capillaries. Five to ten percent of the body’s capillaries have blood flowing through them at all times. That seems like an unreal number, but really, each tissue has many capillaries so every part of the body has some blood flowing through it at all times. The only capillaries that are always filled to capacity are the heart, brain, kidney, and liver. -Plasma: a liquid matrix that consists of many kinds of cells. Blood plasma is nearly 90% water and also contains nutrients, metabolic wastes, respiratory gases, and hormones. - Red blood cells and white blood cells are some of the kinds of cells located in blood plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen and white blood cells function as a defense mechanism. -also known as respiration -the three most common respiratory organs are gills, tracheae, and lungs -Amphibians breathe by positive pressure breathing, which is when the muscles lower to the floor of the oral cavity and draw in air through their nostrils. This allows for the oral cavity to rise and air flows down the trachea. -Mammals breathe by negative pressure breathing, which is when you pull air into your lungs instead of pushing it out. Mammals also have diaphragms which is a sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the bottom wall of the chest cavity. -Birds breathe through nine air sacs that are located around the abdomen, neck, and wings. The air sacs are not for direct gas exchange but keeps air flowing through the lungs. The breathing control center in the medulla controls the basic rhythm and moderates the inhalation and exhalation Nerves from the medulla send impulses to the diaphragm that stimulate inhalation A person at rest inhales and exhales between 10 to 14 times a minute The control center controls blood levels