* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download CS440 - Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Survey
Document related concepts
Human–computer interaction wikipedia , lookup
Turing test wikipedia , lookup
Visual Turing Test wikipedia , lookup
Wizard of Oz experiment wikipedia , lookup
Artificial intelligence in video games wikipedia , lookup
Technological singularity wikipedia , lookup
Knowledge representation and reasoning wikipedia , lookup
Computer Go wikipedia , lookup
Computer vision wikipedia , lookup
Embodied cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Intelligence explosion wikipedia , lookup
Ethics of artificial intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Existential risk from artificial general intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Course staff q CS440 - Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Instructor: Asa Ben-Hur n n n q Teaching Assistant: n http://xkcd.com/329/ n q n n 2 Textbook Web Site: www.cs.colostate.edu/~cs440 What you can find there: q Laura Adams 1 Course website n Office: 448 Office Hours: TBD, or by appt. Email: asa at cs dot colostate dot edu n All slides (hopefully before class so you can print and take notes on them) All homework assignments RAMCT: only grades Piazza: discussion board and annoucements Textbook: S. Russell and P. Norvig. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Prentice Hall, 2010, 3rd edition. 3 Workload n n n 4 Grading Programming/written assignments (~6) Language: Python Project Exams (midterm/final): take home exams n n n 5 Assignments: 40% Project: 25% Exams: midterm: 15% final: 20% 6 1 Course Outline q q q q CSU AI Faculty Search: How to explore the space of potential solutions to a problem. Logic: How to make inferences from stored/ learned knowledge. Learning: How can a computer learn from data. n Darrell Whitley Adele Howe Ross Beveridge Bruce Draper n Charles Anderson Machine learning / computational neuroscience n Asa Ben-Hur Machine learning in bioinformatics n n n Genetic algorithms, search problems Planning Computer vision (face recognition) Computer vision (biologically inspired vision, action recognition, face recognition) + brief discussion of other topics 7 What is Artificial Intelligence? Press View 8 What is Artificial Intelligence? Movie View All images are movie posters taken from imdb.com. What is Artificial Intelligence? What is AI? Let’s explore some possible definitions. Within thirty years, we will have the technological means to create superhuman intelligence. Shortly after, the human era will be ended. —"The Coming Technological Singularity" by Vernor Vinge, 1993 12 2 AI: Think Like Humans n AI: Think Like Humans “The exciting new effort to make computers think … machines with minds, in the full and literal sense” Haugeland, 1985 n How do humans think? q n Requires understanding of brain activity (cognitive model). The available theories do not explain anything resembling human intelligence! 13 AI: Act Like Humans n The Turing Test “The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people” Kurzweil, 1990 15 The Turing Test n 14 http://xkcd.com/632/ Role of the Turing Test When does a system behave intelligently? q Turing (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence q Operational test of intelligence. n n n To articulate a performance goal. To avoid defining intelligence. How significant is the Turing test? q q q q 16 Requires the successful application of major fields of AI: knowledge representation, reasoning, natural language processing, machine learning n 17 How would you administer it? What would you ask? Would we all agree on the outcome? How close are we? 18 3 IBM’s Watson AI: Think Rationally n “The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act.” Winston 1992 19 Thinking rationally n n 20 AI: Acting Rationally Rationality as captured by logic. n Problems: n q q Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I (bother to) have? n “A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computation processes” Schalkoff, 1990 “The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior” Luger and Stubblefield Rational behavior: doing the right thing q n The “right thing” is that which is expected to maximize goal given the available information. Our focus: rational agents, and how to construct them. 21 What is AI? 22 Tools Definitions of artificial intelligence: Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally n Lisp n Python n Prolog q q q n The traditional AI language More common in AI research these days Logic programming: fundamentally different! The definitions vary by: q q Thought processes vs. action Judged according to human standards vs. success according to an ideal concept of intelligence. 23 24 4 AI is pervasive in our everyday lives Application areas n n n n Planning: What to do when. Computer vision: Seeing is knowing. Speech recognition: What words are spoken. Natural language processing (NLP): What do the words mean. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Check email [spam filter, security agent] Read news [personalized information agent] Drive to work [traffic light control, collision avoidance, route planning] Teach [search engine] Work on research projects [search engine] Go grocery shopping [market basket analysis, fraud detection] Talk with customer service [voice recognition] Have dinner [search engine] Watch video [collaborative filtering] 25 AI Systems: Some Milestones n n n n Deep Space 1: AI planner controls space probe NASA 1999. Deep Blue: Defeats Kasparov, Chess Grand Master - IBM 1997 DARPA grand challenge 2005: 130 mile race of driverless cars in the desert. Curiosity Mars rover 2012 The google driverless car http://www.grandchallenge.org/ The Curiosity rover 27 AI Technologies: Computer Vision Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_driverless_car 28 AI Technologies: Natural Language Understanding 5 AI Technologies: Robotics AI in Medicine Boston Dynamics DARPA challenge Texas A&M Search and rescue MBARI Fish tracking Mundane Versus Expert Tasks n Mundane q q q n Foundations of AI n n Identifying objects in an image Answering a question Picking up an arbitrary object n n n Expert q q q q n Philosophy: Logic, reasoning, rationality. Mathematics: Logic, computability, tractability Psychology: understanding how humans think and act. Neuroscience: how do brains process information? Economics: theory of rational decisions, game theory. Computer Engineering: building the hardware and software that make AI Chess Medical diagnosis Configuring computer hardware (circuit layout) Special purpose robots n n Linguistics: how to deal with language … 33 Beware of combinatorics! n n q n Foundations of AI: Neuroscience Use ideas from neuroscience to design computer architectures that “learn”. “Solvable in Principle”: little help in practice Beware of intractability… q 34 Considering all possibilities often leads to correct, but intractable, algorithms. Intractable means exponential time to solution. NP-Complete Problems q Class of intractable problems One View: AI proposes imperfect, but practical, algorithms to solve NP-Complete problems. Artist’s depiction of a neural network http://www.bitspin.net/images/neuron.jpg 35 Abstraction as an artificial neural network http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network 36 6 Primary Areas of AI n n n n n n n n n Knowledge Representation Automated Reasoning Game Playing Planning Machine Learning Search and Optimization Computer Vision Robotics Natural Language Processing 37 7