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ENGLISH in TEN WEEKS
CONTENTS
Each vowel can be
1 Long,
2 Short,
3 Strong,
4 Weak,
5 Strong Diphthong with a .
. Half-Vowel: N, R, L, W.
6 Weak Diphthong or mute.
The 6 Half-Vowels are:
. L, M, N, R, W & Y
with M & Y serving a vowel
making it a long vowel.
Five Long Vowels.
The Schwa.
The I and The Y .
Long E and Short E .
The R - A Half Vowel . .
Long A and Short A
Strong A and Weak A .
Long O and Short O .
Long U, Short U and Strong U.
Reviewing The Alphabet .
Long OO and Short OO .
Strong O .
Diphthongs .
Reviewing The Vowels .
Consonants .
Prefixes and Suffixes
Grammar.
Five Vowels
Vowel Signs
Long - ā as in ate
Short - ă as in at
Strong - ä as in art
Unstressed - å as in about
Five Long Vowels
Capital Letters:
A
E
I
Small Letters:
a
e
i
...
O
U
o
u
CONSONANTS:
B b (lips)
P p (lips)
F f (upper teeth-lower lip)
SEMI-VOWELS:
L l (tongue tip up or down)
R r (curling tongue or schwa)
SCHWA - the common, unstressed
a, e, i, o, u = ( ')
tone of vowels:
The vowel of the second or last syllable
is often unstressed, a schwa ( ').
1.
2.
3.
4.
so-fa
ta-ble
Bi-ble
rul-er
5.
6.
7.
8.
fail-ure
pa-per
sail-or
real-tor
A hyphen divides a word into syllables.
The I and The Y
Long I
....(tongue down)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I’m.(I am)
Ivan (I-v’n)
fine
I am fine.
vine,
a vine
five (5) nine (9)
I’ve (I have)
I’ve five vines.
I
Y is a half vowel = i (long or short)
9.
10.
11.
12.
my
eye ( long i )
My eyes are fine.
These nine vines are mine.
Consonants:
V v with upper teeth & lower lip
M m with nose & closed lips
N n with nose & tongue tip
V
Short i ( tongue tip up)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
is
this (th - tongue between teeth)
it
kitten (kit-t’n)
This is Kitty. (kit-ti)
It is big.
This is Kitty’s kitten.
sit
Kitty. Sit!
sister (sis-t’r)
This is my little sister.
his
Isis (I-s’s)
Isis is his sister.
Divide the following words
into syllables:
16. kitten
kit-ten
17. bigger
... - …
18. higher (hi-'r) … - …
19. giant (ji-'nt) … - …
Consonants
(at the throat):
H h (h / mute)
Gg (g/j)
Kk
it
Long e
Short e
2 vowels)
1. east
2. free
3. hear
4. lease
5. need
6. please
7. sea
8. see
9. year
10. zebra
(1 vowel)
11. west
12. get
13. hen
14. let
15. next
16. rent
17. set
18. tent
19. yes
20. zest
The east
The west
Underline the subjects
in the following sentences:
22. Tim lives by the sea.
23. I need a tent.
24. He lends it to me.
25. I see a hen.
26. Is it (running) free?
27. Yes. Isis sets it free.
Consonants
.
X x
(s / gs/ ks)
Y y
(tongue down)
Z z
(jaw to teeth)
X :s
Ks
.gs
Ĭěäæåïîöüăŏŭüĭěäæåïîöüăŏŭü
Distinguish
Long e
from Short i
(inwards)
(upwards)
1. easy
exit
2. cheese
chip
3. dear
drink
4. jeep
Jill
5. leap
lips
6. meat
milk
7. queen
quick
8. read
quit
9. sleep
ship
10. speak
stick
11. tea
think
Underline the objects
in the following sentences:
12.
13.
14.
15.
I eat cheese.
He eats chips.
We drink tea.
Jill drinks milk.
ē
ĭ
D /J / ch / sh
(tongue blade down)
Q (kw)
1 bird
2 birds
A Vowel and an R at the end
make a Schwa( ’ ) .
VERB
1. act
2. edit
3. teach
4. write
5. read
PERSON
an act-or
an edit-or
a teach-er
a writ-er
a read-er
Weak Diphthongs
Two vowels and an R make
. a Weak Ddiphthong: æ
( lowering back of tongue)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
air
pair
fair
where
there
care
parent
fare
wear
their
bear
pear
feather
weather
heir
Underline the subjects in the following sentences
and copy the questions:
11. Where is their teacher?
12. She is sitting there.
13. Is Jimmy there?
14. Where are his parents?
Long A and Short A
.Long a
Short a
..(opening mouth)
(lowering tongue tip)
1. age
9. and
2. baby
10. band
3. cake
11. cat
4. date
12. dance
5. play
13. jazz
6. taste
14. tax
7. late
15. land
8. *they
16. has/have
*Rare cases ey / ei = long a: ex: eight, freight, weigh
.
Distinguish .
Short a
from
Short e
tongue tip down
inwards down
17. bad
best
18. chat
chess
.
Mark the long a’s in the following sentences:
19. I have a date.
20. I am late.
21. A band is playing.
22. They play jazz.
23. We play chess.
24. He is eating the birthday cake.
25. Is it the best the baby has ever.tasted?
ě
Strong ä
lowering back of tongue
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
arm
are
car
dark
far
farmer
father
palm
party
Weak å
............a schwa
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
alarm
Africa
America
Asia
Canada
Canadian
immigrant
paradise
partial
ā
ă
å
Mark the following A’s long, short, strong, or weak:
19. I am Canadian.
20. She is American.
21. My father is an immigrant.
ä
Long O :
o / oa / o.e / ol / ow
small round lips moving forwards
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
no
so
go
boat
coat
goal
road
home
close
vote
old
cold
gold
told
blow
know
row
snow
*L and W are half vowels.
Mark the long O’s in the following sentences:
8. It is cold.
Where is my coat?
9. Being so old,
I can’t row the boat.
10. It is snowing and
the wind is blowing.
11. The road is closed,
we can’t go to vote.
12. I’ve told you so.
Let’s go home.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Short O
a colleague
a doctor
a dog
a door
a job
a shop
a sock
a stop
a boss .
a box
a dollar
a *daughter
several dogs
a lock
an easy job
*or store
a pair of socks
non-stop
*four bosses
*fourteen boxes
*forty dollars
.
Mark the short o’s in the following sentences:
13. I have a job.
14. My colleagues and I knit socks.
15. These socks are four dollars a pair.
16. My boss is at the door.
17. He has a daughter.
18. He is taking her to see a doctor.
19. His dog is sleeping behind the boxes.
*or & au are Strong O (lowering back of tongue)
Long U (raising back of tongue)
1. used u-ni-form u-ni-ty
2. you u-nique
u-ni-ver-si-ty
Strong U (stretching from back to front)
3. pure new cure field
4. pupil news cute fuel
Short U (relax at centre)
5. us
other
6. up
brother
7. bus come
8. uncle love
9. run country
10. sun son
Mark the Long U, Strong U, and Short U in the following sentences:
11. Is this your uniform?
12. It is unique.
13. Here is the news.
14. Is there anything new?
15. My uncle lives in the country.
16. Here comes his son, Justin, by bus to visit us.
17. Justin, let’s run up a hill to see the sunset.
REVIEWING THE ALPHABET
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
an A
a B
a C
a D
an E
an F
a G
an H
an I
a J
a K
an L
an M
an N
an O
a P
a Q
an R
an S
a T
a U
a V
a W
an X
a Y
a Z
aid
bad
city ( c = s)
deed
eagle
fee
goal
huge
ice
jade
keep
life
most
new
ocean
page
queen
ride
street
tube
youth
van
weed
xylophone
year
zipper
an
blend
cube ( c = k)
dress
end
fly
age (ge=ch)
height
itch
June
kept
lips
mop
king
often
pad
quest
risk
she
tub
under
vest
which
example
yoga
zone
air
bread
change ( ch = tj )
add
earth
frog
ghost (gh=g)
honor (h = / )
island (s=/)
juice
kick
girl
freedom
intention
order
photo (ph=f)
quarter
farmer
screw (scr=skr)
state
urge
have
where (wh=w)
express (x=gs)
yonder
zoo
Both the L and W are semi-vowels forming Strong O with a. ..
Strong O :
al / wa / au / aw / or
lowering back of tongue
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
all
fall
mall
small
tall
halt
cause
crawl
caught
taught
law
fault
wall
war
walk
was
water
what
lord
college
more
moral
ignore
enforce
Mark the strong o’s in the following sentences:
13. Babies crawl and adults walk.
14. Yet, big and tall, soldiers fall.
15. Whose fault is it in such falls?
16. A warlord’s desire for power and wealth is often the cause.
17. Is there any law?
18. Yes. But it is being ignored unless the United Nations enforces it for us all.
Long OO
small round lips moving forwards
1. do
boot
shoe
2. to
room
zoo
3. two food
who
4. youth fruit
whom
Short OO : oul /u
tongue root moving downwards
5. book could
pull
6. wood would push
7. good should put
.
Mark the following OOs long or short:
8.
9.
10.
11.
June, could you clean up my room, please?
No, you should do it yourself.
Would you like to go to the zoo?
Good! Let’s bring some food to feed
the animals there.
12. Should I put on my boot or my shoes?
W as a half vowel is used in some diphthongs.
Compare
ou
raising tongue back
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
our
loud
aloud
hour
flour
cloud
ow
lips stretched sideways
owl
now
cow
how
flower
shower
N -- a semi-vowel = a:hn
stretching from throat to nose:
7. count
round town
young
Underline the diphthongs oi /oy, ou, ow, oun
in the following sentences:
.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Aloud, a boy counted his toys.
His aunt was annoyed.
Her house was running out of oil.
Outside, a cow was eating her flowers.
She rushed out.
There was a black cloud over her house.
Then came a shower.
It was a bad day to be in or out.
Mark the pronunciation of R with vowels ( îr/æ/er/ä) in the following sentences:
1. Birds fly high in the sky.
2. Bears roam freely on earth.
.
3. Our father tills the land.
4. It hurts his palms and arms.
5. While he supports our with sweat,
. our mother serves us with loving care.
ä
6. Thus, we pray under a palm tree,
.
wishing all the responsible parents to be blessed.
7. Bang, bang! A hunter is shooting near by.
8. Who are the victims of the bloody act - some moving .
…objects? friends? birds? animals?
9. Oh! the beauty of skin or feathers,
…should it be the cause of admiration or death?
Bone used: cheeks, upper or lower jaw .
i
oo
PREFIXES
SUFFIXES
Prefixes are a group of Latin and Greek words
placed at the beginning of word stems to form
new words of combined meanings.
Suffixes are a group of endings such as adding
-ion to form nouns,
-er, -an, -or to indicate a person
-ive, -ful to form adjectives; -ly, -wise to form adverbs
Word Stem
Prefix- Word Stem
1. cross ....................a-cross
2. normal
ab-normal
3. count
ac-count
4. just
...... ad-just
5. body
anti-body
6. point
ap-point
7. fit
bene-fit
8. cycle
bi-cycle
9. promise
com-promise
10. test
con-test
11. frost
de-frost
12. appear
dis-appear
13. port
ex-port
14. ordinary
extra-ordinary
15. father
fore-father
16. decision
in-decision
17. national
inter-national
18. understanding
mis-understanding
19. position
op-position
20. diction
pre-diction
21. claim
pro-claim
22. turn
re-turn
23. way
sub-way
1.
2.
2b
3.
4.
5.
5b
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
13b
14.
NOUN
PERSON VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB
absence
absentee absent
absent
absently
act
actor act
active
actively
action
actress activate
Asia
Asian
Asiatic
danger
dangerous dangerously
employer employ
employment employee
endurance
endure
freedom
free
free
freely
growth
grower grow
hope
hope
hopeful
hopefully
Japan
Japanese
Japanese
likeness
like
like
likewise
management manager manage
manageable
nation
nationalize national
nationality nationalist
usage
user use
usable
usefully
Adding Prefixes and Suffixes .
15. part
partner part
15b party
partisan
16. apartment
17. departure
depart
17b department
-
partial
.
departmental
partly
apart
-
Each language has its unique sentence structure.
Beware of the differences between English and
your mother tongue.
1. Different Sentence Structure:
How are you?
How do you do? (English)
How goes it to you (German)
You well? (Chinese)
2. The Place of a Subject: I
I know her. (English)
Her ( I ) know. (Greek)
3. An Object: it
I love it. (English)
I it love. (French)
4. An Adjective: red
a red apple (English)
an apple red (Spanish)
..5. A Question: where
Where are you going? (English)
You go where? (Chinese)
6. A Proper Noun: River
The River Thames (English)
The Mississippi River (American)
7. A Common Noun: Pants
A pair of pants (American English)
A pair of trousers (English)
A trouser (Chinese)
8. A Preposition: in / on
in the street (English)
on the street (American English)
REGULAR VERB: Walk .
Present
Past
Future
Person/s
Tense
Tense
Tense
-----------------------------------------------------------1st I / we
walk
walked shall walk
2nd you
walk
walked
will walk
3rd they
walk
walked
will walk
3rd he / she / it walks walked will walk
------------------------------------------------------------Verb
3rd Person
Past Tense
Future
Stem
Singular 1st, 2nd & 3rd Persons
Tense
1. I work
she works
worked
I /we shall work
2. you cross he crosses
crossed
you will cross
3. they fly
it flies
* flew
it /they will fly
*flew - Past Tense of the Irregular Verb of fly.
Underline the verbs in the following sentences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I walked to Jean's house yesterday.
(Past Tense)
Will you walk to school tomorrow? (Future Tense)
Yes. I walk there everyday.
(daily routine)
They flew home.
(Past Tense)
It flies well.
(Present Tense used in Statement)
TO BE – A VERB and AN AUXILIARY
COMMANDS
1 Verb Stem 2 Adjective
1.
Be
quiet!
2.
Be
good!
3.
Be
careful!
4.
Be
kind!
A subject governs a verb.
In a command or request, the subject (you)
is understood and omitted.
SENTENCES
1 Noun 2 Verb 3 Adverb
Subject
a) Place b) Time>
5. I / we
shall be there.
6. They
will be
home next week.
7. He / she will be
away next month.
QUESTIONS
1 Aux. 2 Subject 3 Verb 4 Adj.
8. Will you/ she/he be
home
9. Will
it
be
cold
5 Place / Time
tomorrow?
tonight?
An auxiliary is an assistant verb (Helper) put at the beginning of a Question.
To Be - An Irregular Verb
1.
2.
3.
4.
Subject
Present Tense
I
am
He / She
is
It
is
We / you / they are
Adjective
thirsty.
hungry.
cold.
busy
Past Tense a) Place b) Time
5. I /he /she / it
was
there an hour ago.
6. We / you /they were
home last week.
Future Tense
7. She / they / you
will be
late.
8. I / We
shall be
home at eight.
QUESTIONS
1
2
3: a / b / c / d
Aux / Verb Subject
Verb / Adj. / Adv. / Time
9. Am
I
late?
10. Shall
we
go?
11. Is
he / she / it
there?
12. Are
we / you / they
ready?
13. Was
it
cold last weekend?
14. Were
you / they
sick
yesterday?
NOUNS
1. Add an s to a singular noun to form a plural noun.
cat/s dog/s house/s farm/s
2. Special Endings, add es:
ch /s /x /o
change y
add –es
into i-es
a) church/es baby/babies
b) bus / es body/bodies
c) box / es lady / ladies
d) hero / es
change f / fe
into v-es
wife / wives
leaf / leaves
thief / thieves
3. Final O or Y preceded by a vowel, add an S:
radio/s studio/s bay/s key/s toy/s
4. Some nouns (singular or plural) keep the Same Form:
a fish / two fish
a deer / two deer
5. Rare Cases:
a) Add an s instead of es in some foreign words -auto/s
piano/s
b) Keep the f :
belief/s
roof/s
c) Change the Vowels:
man / men
foot / feet
woman / women
d) Add en / ren: ox / oxen
child / children
6. Three types of nouns are used in singular number only:
a) school subjects (history, geography)
b) mass nouns (milk, rice)
c) abstract nouns (wisdom, courage)
PRONOUNS: Subjective and Objective
A Pronoun represents a person/s or thing/s.
Subjects: I you he she it we
Objects: me you him her it us
they
them
STATEMENTS (theories, principles & daily matters) use Present Tense.
1. I
am Ivan.
2. He
is John.
3. She
is Nancy.
4. These are my siblings.
5. That is my cousin.
6. This is my dog, Sheba.
7. Those are my neighbors’ dogs.
8. These are my parents’ albums.
Replace the Nouns with
Subjective Pronouns and /or Objective Pronouns
1. You
know
my cousin (him / her).
2. The dog ( …) knows
Mr. Brown (……..…).
3. John ( …….) knows
Nancy ( ………..….).
4. My neighbors ( ….) know John and me ( .….…).
5. We
know
their dogs ( …..……).
IRREGULAR VERBS
There are over 200 irregular verbs listed in dictionary.
Here are some of them:
Present
Past
Past Participle
Tense
Tense ( Verbal Adjective )
1. break
broke
broken
2. bring
brought brought
3. build
built
built
4. do
did
done
5. drink
drank
drunk
6. eat
ate
eaten
7. get
got
got
8. go
went
gone
9. have/has had
had
10. put
put
put
11. read
read
read
12. see
saw
seen
13. sell
sold
sold
14. take
took
taken
15. write
wrote
written
The Past Participle of Regular Verbs =
verb + ‘ed’. Change Y first into i.
Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle
1. work
worked
worked
2. study
studied
studied
Here
Progressive Tenses (Aux. BE + Verb-ing)
Aux. Present
Subject BE Participle
--------------------a) George is
looking for you.
b) I
am
staying here till six.
c) They
are having
lunch.
In each of the following blanks, write a verb
which is in agreement with the subject and tense.
1. What time ……… it?
2. I ……. late.
3. ………you home yesterday?
4. .……. you be home tomorrow?
5. I ……visit you tomorrow.
6. ….…. John (come) ………tomorrow?
7. .…… he coming by train?
8. Who …….. coming today?
9. …….. they (come) ……… in the evening?
10. …….. we (take) ………… a bus home?
THREE AUXILIARY VERBS
Auxiliary
(1)
(2)
(3)
VERB :
to DO
to HAVE
to BE
TENSES ------------------------------------------------------------Present:
do / does
have / has
am / are / is
Past:
did
had
was / were
Participle: done/doing had / having been / being
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Used in:
Statement Perfect form
Progressive form
Works with Verb Stem Past Participle Present Participle
1. I don't eat meat.
(Daily affair in Statement)
2. I've already eaten an apple.
(Present Perfect)
3. I am eating a sandwich.
(Present Progressive)
Start a QUESTION with an AUXILIARY VERB.
Aux...............Verb
1a. Does she
know Susan? (Present Tense Statement)
2a. Has Nancy eaten yet?
(Perfect Form)
3a. Are you
leaving now?
(Progressive Form)
4a. Does George work upstairs? (Question, Statement)
Auxiliary Verbs help in giving Negative Answers.
Neg.
Aux.
Verb
1b. No, she
doesn't know
Susan.
2b. No, Nancy hasn't
eaten yet.
3b. No, I
am not leaving till five.
4b. No, George doesn't work
there any more.
TENSES
1. Future Tense:
2. Progressive Tense (Present / Past):
3. Present Tense:
4. Past Tense:
5. Perfect Tense (Present / Past):
I shall be there tomorrow.
I am/ was going there.
I am here.
I was there yesterday.
I have been here for an hour.
I had been there last year.
Perfect Tenses = Aux. Have + Past Participle
QUESTIONS starting with an auxiliary:
. Aux
Past
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Have
Subject Participle
----------------- -----------Has
George got
Has
Nancy gone
Have
you
eaten
Have
you
bought
Has
Susan
forgotten
Haven't we
received
a cold?
home?
yet?
a newspaper?
us?
a letter from her?
Write the correct tense in each blank bellow,
using Aux. Have:
a) ……….. you bought a car?
b) ………. George seen your car?
c) ………. they sold their house?
ARTICLES
An ADJECTIVE can be an Article, a Number,
or a word used to qualifying a noun.
No Articles are required in Plural Nouns.
Articles are used in Countable Singular Nouns.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Singular Noun
with Article
an / the aunt
an / the eagle
an / the idea
an / the owl
an / the hour
an / the uncle
Plural Noun
No Article
7. an American
Americans
8. a Chinese
*the Chinese
9. a / the car
cars
10. a / the girl
girls
11. a / the house
houses
12. a / union (long u) unions
•Adjectives used as plural nouns without adding s
must have articles: the Japanese, the French, the Chinese.
Nouns in General Meaning do not require articles:
a) School subjects
- geography biology
b) Sports
- basketball hockey
c) Abstract Nouns
- strength
wisdom
d) Plurals of Nouns - people
cities
ADJECTIVES
Quantitative Adjectives - with Mass Nouns:
some sugar
many trees
a cup of tea
a lot of people
Numerical Adjectives:
the first man
three thousand students
Other Adjectives:
Shape - rectangular round oblong square triangular
Color - black white yellow blue
Size
- extra large
Height
- tall
Temperature - hot
Character
large
short
green red brown
medium small
..
average middle
warm cool
- strong weak gentle
cold
sincere
high
freezing
honest
Three forms of Adjectives:
Positive Comparative Superlative
A. Regular Adjectives:
fast
faster
big
bigger
.
fastest
biggest
B. Adjectives with Adverbs:
common more common the most common
expensive less expensive the least expensive
round
almost round perfectly round
.
C. Irregular Adjectives:
good
better
the best
..
bad
worse
the worst
.
1. Your house is small.
2. Theirs is smaller than yours.
3. Mine is the smallest one here.
4. The first piano is less expensive than the second one,
. but here is the least expensive one.
5. Is a dog more intelligent than a cat or a rat?
Which of them is the most intelligent one?
6. Her handwriting is good but his is better;
yours is the best and mine is the worst.
A Preposition is placed before a Noun such as
a thing, a place or person to show:
a) the object is an indirect object,
b) the relationship of the indirect object to the subject.
A Direct Object is placed behind a transitive verb:
1. John bought a book.
An Indirect Objectis is placed behind a preposition.
2. He gave it to me.
Datives are the indirect objects with no preceding preposition
placed before direct objects:
3. The boss gave us a bonus.
4. I bought my son a sweater.
5. We gave ourselves a treat.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Subject
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
I
David
He
Who
We
Frank
Nancy
Verb
Dative Dir. Object Preposition Ind. Object
lent Joan a book.
borrowed
it
gave
it
will return
it
shall sail
has flown
will come
from
to
to
along
to
with
her.
you.
me?
the Rhine.
London.
us.
Underline the following Prepositions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
He is at home in London.
The dog is staring at us.
They are at work.
Come at four o'clock.
I live at 1234 Oak Street, Vancouver, B. C.
The train came on time.
Barbara arrived on Sunday.
Joseph came on foot from afar.
He lived on campus.
Jack was out on an errand.
Susan wrote their names on a sheet
of paper and put it in a file.
She is walking in a park.
Jack is walking behind her.
Let's go across the street.
Who is sitting by the window?
This letter is for you.
Who is in the office?
Your letter is in the drawer.
I came to America in 1990.
I live in Vancouver, Canada.
POSSESSIVE CASES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Possessive
Adjective
This is my dog.
Is this your cat?
This is his
car.
This is her house.
There is our truck.
Here is their boat.
Possessive
Pronoun
It is
mine.
Is this yours?
This is his / George's.
This is hers / Linda's.
That is ours.
This is theirs.
Replace the words underlined with appropriate
possessive pronouns and / or possessive adjectives.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Is this Mrs. Brown's dog? (her dog / hers?)
No. This is my dog. ( _______________ )
Is this George's car? ( ___________ car? )
Yes. This is George's. ( ___________ . )
Is this Nancy's boat? ( ____________ . )
No. This is neighbors’ boat. ( ________ . )
Is this our truck? ( _________ .)
INTERROGATIVES
(Words used in Asking Questions)
Interrogative Pronouns:
Interrogative Adjectives:
Interrogative Adverbs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Interrogative
Verb
Who
is
What
is
Whose bag
is
Which room
is
How much
is
How many rooms are
Where
is
Interrogative Aux
8. When
will
9. Why doesn't
10. Why
don't
Subj.
Joe
he
you
Who
Whose
How
When
What
Which
Where
Why
he?
that?
this?
yours?
it?
there?
Joe?
Verb
be here?
stay with us?
ask Mary?
Underline the Verbs in the following sentences:
11. Joe stays at the Hilton across the street.
12. This hotel is full.
13. There are no vacancies here or next door.
DIRECT SPEECH & INDIRECT SPEECH .
Direct Speech is used in conversations:
1. "Are you leaving now?"
2. "Where are you going?"
To form Indirect Speech from Direct Speech:
a) Quotation marks ( " …. ’’) are replaced with
that in statements or whether in questions.
b) Change the Present Tense to Past Tense.
c) Change the Pronouns according to sense.
3. John asked , "Are you taking the dog for a walk?" (Direct)
John asked Irene whether she was taking the dog for a walk. (Indirect)
4. Irene answered, "Yes. I am taking her for a walk." (Direct)
Irene replied that she was taking the dog for a walk. (Indirect)
Write the appropriate PROGRESSIVE FORMS in the
blanks below:
5. John asked, "What ____ you (do) ____________ .
6. John asked Susan what she (do) ___ _________ .
7. Susan answered, "I (bake) ____ _________ a pie."
8. Susan answered that she (bake) ___ ______ a pie.
ACTIVE VOICE & PASSIVE VOICE
Active Voice has transitive verbs
whose Subjects perform the Actions.
Passive Voice has Intransitive Verbs
whose Actions are executed by Indirect Objects
which may be unknown or deleted.
Intransitive Verbs: Aux. Be + Past Participle
(They are verbs which can't have Direct object)
Present Progressive Present Perfect Past
Future
Active Voice: sells
is selling
has sold
sold
will sell
Passive Voice: is sold is being sold has been sold was sold will be sold
1
2
3
4
5
6
Subject Verb
Dir.Object Prep. Ind.Obj. Adverb
1. Ann
mailed
the letter
yesterday.
The letter.. was mailed
by
Ann yesterday.
2. They
sell
stamps
here.
Stamps are sold
here.
3. We
will build our house on
a hill.
Our house will be built
on
a hill.
Complete the following sentences (subjects can de deleted):
1. Hans filmed this in Japan.
This _____ _______ in Japan.
2. Alex will demolish this old building tomorrow.
This old building ______ ____ ________ tomorrow.
Participles can be used as Adjectives, Nouns, & Phrases.
Present and Past Participles used as Adjectives:
1. a family-owned business
2. an air-conditioned room
3. a middle-aged secretary
4. a living creature
5. a hard working child
Present Participles used as Gerunds (nouns):
6. Hiking is good for you.
7. Swimming keeps you healthy.
8. I like dancing and acting.
Participial Phrases:
9. Going north, he came to a forest.
10. Frightened by lightning, the wandering child ran home.
*A Phrase with subject and auxiliary omitted,
is separated by a comma from the main clause.
*swim-ming, run-ning, sit-ting, but act-ing
(Sometimes the last letter - m, n, or t - is doubled
before the -ing is added.
*live/living hike/hiking dance/dancing
(Delete the last e before adding the -ing.)
INFINITIVES
An Infinitive is a verbal notion, the 2nd Verb,
formed with a preposition, to.
2nd Verb
Subject 1st Verb Infinitive Object / Adverb
1. I
go
to swim every weekend.
2. He
wants
to play tennis.
3. They
have
to study for examination.
4. I
have
to go
home.
5. He
has
to work.
6. We
have
to leave in ten minutes.
7. My aunt wants
to see
a movie.
8. Who
wants
to go
to movie?
9. I
like
to look
at these plants.
10. He
tried
to tell
you the truth.
A Question is started with an Auxiliary Verb.
Aux. Subj. Verb
Infinitive
11. Do
you like
to live in a big city?
12. Do
you like
to read?
13. Does she have
to leave now?
14. Have you decided what to do?
CONJUNCTIONS
A Conjunction joins an adjective to an adjective,
a noun to a noun, a clause to a clause.
1. Lucy paints her room blue and green.
2. Do you want spaghetti or rice?
3. We have neither fruit nor vegetables.
4. I want to buy some apples and bananas.
5. This dress is nice, but it doesn't fit me.
COMMANDS & REQUESTS
In a Command, use verb stem, omit the subject (you):
1. Be quiet and listen carefully!
2. Don't be late, please.
3. Let's go.
4. Please, speak louder.
ADVERBS
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other
adverbs to show directions (which way), degrees
(more or less), and manners (how does one act).
1. Turn right!
(direction)
2. It is very hot.
(degree)
3. He does not walk so well. (manner)
An Adverb modifying a verb can be placed after an
auxiliary.
4. The house is almost completed.
5. It is not yet finished.
According to its meaning, an Adverb of Manner
can be placed immediately before or after a verb,
at the beginning or the end of a sentence.
6.
7.
8.
9.
She quietly walked into her room.
She walked quietly into her room.
Quietly, she walked into her room.
She walked into her room quietly.
Adverbs of Place and Time may be put
at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
1. There is our car. / Our car is over there. (Place)
2. Yesterday, I was sick.
(Time)
3. Have you seen Susan lately?
(Time)
An Adverb used as an Introductory Word,
must be set off from the subject by a comma
because adverbs do not modify nouns.
4. Suddenly, it rained heavily.
5. Quickly, the dog ran away.
A Transition makes one sentence flow coherently to the next.
To make a smooth transition, repeat a word
of the last sentence or use one of the following adverbs:
a) to give example:
first
thus
b) to add a point:
next
besides
c) to express a contrast: but
yet
d) to draw a conclusion: so
therefore
6. Personally, I like her a lot.
7. Yet, she is always late.
8. So, she doesn’t get a promotion.
Underline the transitions in the following essay of
FIGURES
1. There are many kinds of figures: round,
square, big, small, and great figures.
2. While car designers create streamlined figures,
. engineers figure out the production work.
3. Accountants keep track of balance sheet figures and
. managers want to know the profit and loss figures:
.
. . red is a loss; and black, a profit.
4. While economists figure out the growth factors, . . . .
.. environmentalists figure out the causes of pollution.
5. Politicians want to be well-known figures while
.
. models exercise and diet for good figures.
6. Which figure would you choose?
7. Make an effective plan for your choice.
8. Then think whether your plan will affect your income, ….
… environment, society, and health?
9. Would your parents, children, or friends be proud ,,,,
.. … of your accomplishment?
10.
11.
12.
13.
Parents would like their children to healthier and better educated than themselves.
So alcoholic parents don't like to see their children repeat their mistakes.
When God sees such improvement, won't He bless the people and their world?
Figure this out and improve your plan for prosperous future.
PUNCTUATION
A PERIOD ( . ) is used
a) at the end of a sentence: Mr. & Mrs. T. Clark are here.
b) often in abbreviations and initials: A.D. 1945
25 B.C.
A QUESTION MARK ( ? ) is used after a direct question.
Where are you going? Who is there - Joe? Tim?
A COMMA ( , ) is used in
a) a compound sentence: I like cats, and he likes birds and dogs.
b) a series:
She has bought some butter, milk, and eggs.
c) an introductory adverb, phrase, or clause:
However, she didn't buy any bread.
d) an appositive ( a parallel group of words):
My teacher, Mr. Brown, is sick.
e) a date:
We came here on April 4th, 1992.
f) between city and province: Vancouver, British Columbia.
g) separating adjectives or names:
The wall is painted blue, green, and red.
h) in numbers:
$1,567.85
5,000 men
A SEMICOLON ( ; ) can be
a) used to replace a conjunction between two
independent clauses:
I like cats; he like dogs.
b) paired with comma to separate paired items:
Shirts are on sale at $9.90 each; pants, $14.85 each.
AN APOSTROPHE indicates
a) a possessive case –
men's wear boys’ shoes
b) an omission –
'45 (1945) doesn't (does not)
c) the plural of a figure: high $80's ($85,100 - $89,990)
COLONS ( : ) are used
a) before listing a few items:
as follows:
b) after the salutation of a business letter: Dear Sirs:
c) to indicate time:
10:15 a.m.
4:30 p.m.
d) before a long quotation -Alice said: "If it rains on Sunday, the picnic will be canceled."
A DASH ( - ) is used:
a) to replace a colon or semicolon:
He is a good man - honest, kind, and modest.
b) in compound words: a 5-year-old girl, sister-in-law
PARENTHESES [ (
) ] are used
a) in enumeration - (1) , (2), (3), (a), (b)
b) to enclose a reference
c) to indicate additional information.
QUOTATION MARKS ( “..…", '……..' ) are used:
a) to mark foreign words, slang, technical terms
b) in direct quoting: John said: "I may be late."
CAPITAL LETTERS are used as follows:
1) the first word of a sentence
2) the first person, singular pronoun ‘ I ’.
3 ) names of persons, organizations
( The United Nations )
4) historical events, documents ( World War II )
5) holidays ( Easter )
6 ) titles ( Dr. Chiu )
7) salutations in letters ( Dear Sirs )
8) complimentary closings ( Yours truly, )
9) proper adjectives ( Canadian apples ).