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Respiratory System The main function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen to, & eliminate carbon dioxide from the body In order to accomplish this task, the respiratory system must work in conjunction with the cardiovascular system Functions of the Respiratory System • A. Uptake of oxygen into the blood and the elimination of carbon dioxide out of the blood (Pulmonary Ventilation, External Respiration) • B. Vocalization (Larynx) • C. Olfaction (Smell) Regions of the Respiratory System • • • • • A. Nasal Cavities B. Pharynx – Throat C. Larynx – Voicebox D. Trachea – Windpipe E. Lungs Anatomy Overview Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi The respiratory tract includes: Nose (nasal cavity) Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx) Larynx Trachea Bronchi (primary, secondary (lobar), tertiary (segmental) Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli Bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Right Lung Left Lung Alveolar duct Alveoli Histology Respiratory Epithelium = Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar (PSCC) III. The Nasal Cavities • • • • • • • A. Nasal Cartilages B. Anterior Nares (Nostrils) Rhinitis – clinical term for cold Rhino means nose C. Olfactory Receptors D. Cribriform Plate of the Ethmoid Bone E. Nasolacrimal Aperture Cribriform Plate Ethmoid Bone Nasolacrimal Aperture – tears come out of your nose • F. Nasal Septum • G. Nasal Conchae (“Shelves”) • H. Paranasal Air Sinuses – when you inhale air it goes into the paranasal air sinuses lined with ciliated epithelium • * Frontal Sinus to the Sphenoid Sinus • * If the sinuses become infected it is called sinusitis • I. Choanae (Posterior Nares) • Sinuses are lined with ciliated epithelium that warms and humidifies the air Choanae (Posterior Nares) • Pharyngeal Tonsil – if it is enlarged it is called an adenoid The Pharynx • A. Nasopharynx Pharynx Air passes from nasal cavity, across internal nares into nasopharynx, past oropharynx & through laryngopharynx to larynx Nasopharynx lined with PSCC epithelium, but oro & laryngopharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium because they are also part of digestive system A. Nasopharynx • 1. Eustachian Canal (Auditory Tubes) • Earache (Otitis Media) • 2. Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoids) Eustachian (auditory) tube – connects nasopharynx & middle ear cavity Pharyngeal tonsil – lymphatic tissue embedded in wall of nasopharynx Palatine tonsils - lymphatic tissue embedded in wall of oropharynx Uvula – posterior tissue from soft palate; protects nasopharynx when swallowing Eustachian Canal (Auditory Tubes) Nasopharynx and Phryngeal Tonsil • Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx shared by the respiratory and digestive system but it is also in the laryngopharynx where the respiratory and digestive system separate Larynx (Voicebox) – large, outer part is made up of cartilage • A. projects outward as the “Adam’s apple” • B. lined by non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium • Laryngeal Aperture • Ventricle – chamber where the vocal cords are Larynx Air passageway made of 9 pieces of cartilage – (1) Thyroid cartilage, (1) Epiglottis, (1) Cricoid cartilage, (2) Arytenoid, (2) Corniculate, (2) Cuneiform A.K.A your “voicebox” because it contains the vocal cords Larynx Thyroid cartilage – protects anterior & lateral walls of airway Epiglottis – leafshaped cartilage that protects opening (“glottis”) of airway when swallowing Cricoid cartilage – complete ring of cartilage; protects posterior wall of airway; attaches to trachea Larynx Arytenoid, corniculate & cuneiform cartilages – attach to upper (vestibular) vocal folds & lower (true) vocal cords Vocal Cords Laryngeal Cartilages • • • • 3 large single cartilages a. epiglottis b. thyroid cartilage c. cricoid cartilage • The epiglottis and thyroid cartilage are part of the larynx Laryngeal Cartilages • • • • 3 pairs of small elastic cartilages A. arytenoids B. corniculates C. cuneiforms Muscles of the Larynx • 1. Extrinsic Muscles • - circular constrictor muscles • Guys have large larynx than women thus they have deeper voices Intrinsic Muscles • - open and close the glottis by changing the tension on the vocal cords • - innervated by the Laryngeal Nerve • Laryngospasm – spasmodic contractions of the laryngeal muscles. Use Heinlich Maneuver; form a bear-hug around the victim, and then press fist against the victim’s abdomen just below his xiphoid process = this will cause reflex exhalation • Abdominal Thrust or Heimlich Maneuver • Laryngitis – hoarse throat Carcinoma of the Larynx • Associated with heavy smoking and heavy drinking • After a laryngectomy, train patient to use: • a. esophageal speech • b. electric voicebox • c. artificial voicebox Trachea Lined with respiratory epithelium “C”-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage protecting airway while allowing for swallowing Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle) runs across posterior wall of trachea connecting ends of tracheal cartilage Trachea or windpipe have cartilage to prevent it from collapsing Trachea Low power Medium power High power Bronchi Carina Trachea splits into a left & right primary bronchus which enters into the hilus of each lung Within the lung, the primary bronchi branch into secondary (lobar) bronchi (3 in right lung/2 in left lung) Secondary bronchi then branch into 10 tertiary (segmental) bronchi Tertiary bronchi then continue to branch into smaller & smaller bronchi & then into very narrow bronchioles This branching patterns creates the “bronchial tree” Changes In Airway As you go further down into the bronchial tree of each lung, changes in the airway occur: increased number of airways (1 primary; 2 or 3 secondary; 10 tertiary bronchi; 6000 terminal bronchioles; millions of alveolar ducts) decreased diameter of each airway decreased amount of cartilage in the airways (no cartilage at all by terminal bronchioles) increased amount of smooth muscle (relative to diameter) lining epithelium changes from PSCC simple squamous epithelium (in alveoli) Lungs Located within the thoracic cavity, surrounded by the double-layered pleural membrane – parietal pleura – lines cavity wall visceral pleura – covers the lungs Lungs- Anatomical Features Apex – extends 1” above clavicle Hilum – at medial surface; where primary bronchus, pulmonary artery & veins enter/exit lung Superior lobe Horizontal fissure Middle lobe Superior lobe Right lung Left lung Oblique fissure Oblique fissure Cardiac notch Inferior lobe Inferior lobe Base – rests on diaphragm Lung – medial surface Groove for aorta getaprofessor.wordpre ss.com Hilum Cardiac notch of Lt. lung Airways within Lungs Each lung has a primary bronchus entering at the hilus Each lobe of a lung has a secondary (a.k.a. lobar) bronchus Lobes are functionally divided into bronchopulmonary segments & each segment has a tertiary (segmental) bronchus Segments are functionally divided into many lobules & each lobule receives a terminal bronchiole Alveoli Alveoli are expanded chambers of epithelial tissue that are the exchange surfaces of the lungs There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung Multiple alveoli usually share a common alveolar duct, creating “alveolar sacs” AlveoliThere are three types of cells found within alveoli: Alveolar Squamous epithelial (aka “type I”) cells – primary cells making up the wall of the alveoli Septal (aka “type II”) cells – secrete “surfactant” to reduce surface tension which prevents alveoli from sticking together & allows for easier gas exchange Alveolar macrophages (aka “dust cells”) – phagocytic cells that remove dust, debris & pathogens