Download The Internet and Security

The Internet & Security
Les Cottrell – SLAC
Lecture # 3 presented at the 26th International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics
and Contemporary Needs, 25th June – 14th July, Nathiagali, Pakistan
Partially funded by DOE/MICS Field Work Proposal on Internet End-to-end
Performance Monitoring (IEPM), also supported by IUPAP
1
Outline
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What’s the problem?
How prevalent are security attacks?
Denial of Service attacks
Spoofing
Network applications exposures
Prevention
Detection
Follow up
Top 12 recommendations
2
Problems
• Complexity of systems
– Patchwork of untrustworthy parts
– Even mature subsystems (Unix, Windows, Word) poorly
understood
– All systems have errors (buffer overflows, unchecked
input, inadequate testing …)
– Humans are part of the system
– Rapid change & introduction of new parts changes
environment (active content, streaming content)
• Security is in tension with ease of use and
friendliness, so unpopular
3
Prevalence
• “Inferring Internet Denial-of-Service Activity” by D. Moore
et. al. in 3 weeks found > 12,000 attacks against > 5000
targets belonging to > 2000 organizations.
• a denial-of-service attack left whitehouse.gov unreachable
from, according to a Web monitor, around 2:30 p.m. EDT to
8:20 p.m. May 22, 01 from
www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,43993,00.html
• We started receiving ~13Mbits/sec at 10:30pm EDT on May
22 and it continues as of this writing (6:58am, May 23, 01).
From Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT)
• An out of the box Linux RedHat 6.2 system will be “rooted”
on average within 72 hours. Bob Cowles, SLAC Computer
Security Officer
4
Prevalence - cont.
• In a two-day rampage (May 24-25, 2001) against U.S.
government Web sites, a group of cybervandals dubbed
PoizonB0x, attacked two sites maintained by the
DefenseInformation Systems Agency, the organization
tasked with defending military networks. PoizonB0x defaced
nine other government Web sites, including:
– The chief information officer of the General Services
Administration.
– NASAs Advanced General Aviation Transport Experiments.
– The Arcata [Calif.] Fish and Wildlife Office.
– The U.S. Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of California.
– The U.S. District Court, Northern District of Texas.
InfoSec News <[email protected]>
5
Network Vulnerabilities
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ARP cache flooding
DHCP spoofing
DNS cannot be trusted
Little IP address authentication
Integrity checks are minimal
Denial of service attacks are easy to stage
Security not part of original network design
Changing things (to improve security) breaks
compatability
6
DoS flood attacks
• Flooding to provide Denial of Service (DoS):
– DoS attacks deny resources of a remote host or networks
that would otherwise be used by legitimate users
– Flooding attacks overwhelm victim’s CPU, memory or
network resources by sending large numbers of spurious
requests.
• Difficult to tell “good” requests from “bad” so hard to defend
against
• To load network attacker sends small packets as fast as possible
since most devices are limited by packet processing rate and not
bandwidth
7
SYN floods
• Attacker loads victim’s cpu by sending stream of
TCP SYN packets to a listening TCP port
– For each SYN packet victim must search through
existing connections & if no match allocate a new data
structure for connection
– Number of connections may be limited in victim’s host,
so host can be overwhelmed
– Victim also re-sends SYN/ACK until time limit
8
Distributed Attacks
• More powerful attacks leverage multiple hosts to
send the SYNs
– i.e. attacker compromises many hosts, installs a small
attack daemon (bots) on each
• Compromises via buffer overflows, 1 year old patchable web
server Unicode bug, poorly written CGI scripts, etc.
– Attack can then be coordinated from multiple hosts
focusing on a single victim host
9
Impact from a DoS attack
• DoS attack Feb 7 & 8, 2000
• Impact on losses for DNS, web, and network services
10
IP spoofing
• To conceal identity, thus forestalling an effective
response, attackers forge (“spoof”) the IP source
address of each packet they send
– Often select the IP address at random
– Attack appears to be coming from a third party
– Also can reflect attacks through innocent third parties
• Protection:
– Dynamic size for connection table
– Decrease timeout for partial connections
– Prevent spoofing across routers
11
ICMP
• RFC 792, & clarified in RFCs 1122, 1256, 1349,
1812
• Smurf:
– Spoof source address
– Uses broadcast address to get amplification
• i.e. every host on subnet responds to same source
– e.g. can provoke host unreachable, ttl exceeded
• Don’t allow ICMP to go to broadcast address
• Rate limit or block most ICMPs
– BUT lose ping & traceroute, watch out for MTU discover
12
UDP Security
• Services can often be spoofed as the source of a
request
• The connectionless nature makes it hard for
firewalls to protect
– direction of connection not easily determined
– must examine packet contents in application dependent
fashion
13
ARP
• First host to respond to ARP broadcast wins
– Thus a “bad guy” can respond quickly and poison the
recipient’s cache
• E.g. “bad guy” can pretend to be router
• No fix.
14
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• DHCP built on UDP, ports 67/68 (see RFC 2131)
– Client is dynamically assigned (leased) an IP
configuration (IP address, gateway, DNS server, domain
name etc.)
– Server controls allocation of addresses
– Client must renew periodically
– Can greatly increase ease of configuration flexibility &
decrease maintenance
• BUT
– single client (using spoofed addresses) may use up all
available IP addresses
– Does not prevent someone using unassigned address
– Rogue machine can respond & claim to be router, DNS
& hence intercept all traffic
15
Domain Name Service DNS
• Built on UDP, port 53 (see RFC 1591):
–
–
–
–
–
Maps host names to IP addresses & back
Hierarchical structure - no server for all hosts
All domains have authoritative name server
Root name servers maintain server list for all subdomains
Once translated, mapping is cached
• ICANN administers top level domains
• Example, get IP address of www.sun.com:
•
•
•
•
Check local cache
Query “.com” nameserver, get referral to “ns.sun.com”
Query ns.sun.com
Cache result & return IP address
16
DNS insecurity
• 21 Jan 2001: Yahoo.com & Microsoft.com traffic
redirected. A faulty DNS table appears to be to
blame for redirecting traffic to MyDomains.com
• Systems may change and the cache is wrong
• Cache may be poisoned by an “attacker”
• No authorization for change requests
• Attacker can administratively change “authoritative
nameserver” and there are few checks to prevent it
17
SNMPv1
• Built on UDP
• Community name is passed as clear text
18
Telnet RFC 854
• Built on TCP
– sends passwords in clear text
– often target of sniffers collecting passowrds
– session unencrypted - session may be hijacked
• Use ssh instead
– not all hosts (e.g. some network devices) support ssh
19
Prevention
• Need defense in depth.
• Firewalls, filtering router ACLs
• Vulnerability scans
– Look for hosts with OS at a level that can be
compromised
– Look for ports/applications that should not be open
– ISS, freeware from www.nessus.org
• Don’t overprotect
– Waste of resources (direct cost)
– Reduced functionality (indirect cost)
• Don’t leave backdoor open
– Think like an attacker or find someone who can
20
Filters
• Simple filtering done by Access Control Lists
(ACLs) in routers
– Filter to deny access to dangerous stuff
– Or Deny all and allow access to approved stuff
– Filters based on header information
• Source/destination address/port
• Protocol
– Rules apply interface & direction
21
Firewalls
•
•
•
•
Specialized for filtering without routing duties
Usually easier to configure, have auditing, logging, auditing
Can use for privacy to hide internal network addresses
Many firewalls can maintain state, i.e. maintain virtual
sessions for UDP and close port when connection closes
• Some firewalls can look inside data in packets to discover
application (e.g. to disallow ActiveX controls)
• With all the extra function there can be performance issues
for high speed networks.
22
Detection
• Host based intrusion detection: instrument OS, applications,
e.g. tripwire (look at what has changed), web page
defacement detection
• Network based intrusion detection
– Passively sniff on packets and look at flows.
– Look for list suspicious ports/protocols being accessed, when, by
whom, for how long/much. Keep logs going back months
• Possible inappropriate use: IRC, Gnutella, Napster …
• Remote control: BackOrifice, subseven, netbus …
• dDoS: tfn, trinoo …
– Look for attack signatures, may look in packet contents &
compare bits with known patterns
– Look for scan signatures like seq of ports, or seq of hosts
– Can provide pre-knowledge of signatures of known attacks
• Needs constant updates
– Can look for abnormal behavior
– Netflow, ISS, freeware from www.snort.org
23
Notification & follow up
• After discovering, have to alert someone by pager, email
– Have to worry about false positives
•
•
•
•
•
Need a clear procedure in place for dealing with intrusions
Have to notify management
May have to take down & re-install OS etc.
May have to cut off from Internet while clean up
May have to field questions from funding agency, press, law
enforcement agencies
• Have to do a post-mortem & improve processes
• All of the above are painful, want to avoid if possible.
24
Security Awareness Top 12
1. Encourage users to log off when absent and
require password-protected screensavers on
PCs.
2. Encourage use of strong passwords made of
mixed letters, numbers and special
characters.
3. Encourage a clear, well-defined, written
security policy, with all users having a
copy.
4. Discourage installing modems on networked
workstations.
5. Encourage use of encryption techniques when
handling or sending confidential email.
6. Discourage users having a careless or
indifferent attitude toward security.
25
Security Awareness Top 12
7.
Discourage, under any circumstances, users
giving their passwords to someone via email.
8.
Encourage users to maintain physical control
of laptop cases while in public places.
9.
Encourage users to change passwords
frequently, particularly if it may be
compromised.
10.
Encourage awareness of social engineering
attempts to breach security.
11.Encourage active use and regular, automated
updating of anti-virus software.
12.
Discourage use of the Internet for any
illegal activities.
26
Requirements
• Make sure the firewall/ACLs are installed, working
& maintained
• Security patches – current & installed in timely
manner
• Remove use of clear text passwords (telnet => ssh,
email, FTP…)
• Change default vendor passwords
• Regularly test security systems & processes
27
More Information
• Lectures on security:
– www.speakeasy.org/~rcowles/
• ICMP in security scans:
– www.sys-security.com/html/papers.html
• Prevalence of attacks:
– www.caida.org/outreach/papers/backscatter/index.xml
• Solaris Network Settings for Security
– www.sun.com/software/solutions/blueprints/1299/network.pdf
• FAQ from SANS
– www.sans.org/infosecFAQ/
28