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Plant Propagation By: Johnny M. Jessup Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor Introduction • What is plant propagation? • The reproduction or increasing in number of plants. • Can be done in one of two ways…. • Sexual. • Asexual. Sexual or Seed Propagation Sexual Propagation • The propagation or reproducing of plants from seeds. Sexual Propagation • Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma. • Fertilization occurs and seeds are produced. Parts of a Seed Parts of the Seed Parts of the Seed • Seeds are made up of 3 main parts…. • Seed Coat. • Endosperm. • Embryonic Plant. Planting Seeds • Planting depth depends on the size of the seeds. • The larger the seed, the deeper it is planted. • Example: Petunia seeds are planted shallower than beans, tomatoes, or marigolds because they are the smallest. • Small seeds should be watered by bottom soaking. Planting Seeds • Seeds are directly seeded when they are planted in the soil where they will grow to a saleable size. • Germination flats are used if they are to be transplanted at a later time. • When reusing germination flats, be sure to sterilize the flats and soil. Germination • Germination rate is the % that sprout. • Example: 75 out of 100 = 75% • Rates affected by…. • • • • • Seed viability. Temperature. Moisture. Type of plant. Quality of seed. Germination Transplanting Seedlings • Seedlings are the small plants. • Transplant when first true leaves appear • Held by the true leaves rather than the stems to prevent stem bruising which will kill the plant. Hardening Off • The reducing of humidity and water to make the environment more like the outside. Advantages of Sexual Propagation • Fast way to get many plants. • Easy to do. • Economical. Disadvantages of Sexual Propagation • Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce true to parents. • Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds. Asexual Propagation Asexual Propagation • The use of growing parts other than seeds to reproduce plants. • The types are…. • • • • • • Cuttings Layering Division/Separation Budding Grafting Tissue Culture Rooting from Cuttings • Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep. • Best time of day to take cuttings is early morning because plants have more moisture. Rooting from Cuttings • The three main types of cuttings are…. • Stem • Leaf • Root Stem Cuttings • The taking of a piece of stem to reproduce plants. • Use a rooting hormone with fungicide to…. • Speed up root development. • Prevent root rot. Leaf Cuttings • The use of leaves and sections of leaves to reproduce plants. • Done from herbaceous plants. • Veins must be cut!!! Root Cuttings • The use of roots to reproduce plants. • Should be spaced 3 inches apart in the rooting area. Layering • The rooting of plant parts while they are still attached to the “parent” plant. • The types are…. • Air Layering. • Trench Layering. • Mound Layering. Air Layering • Also called Chinese propagation. • Area of plant is girdled and surrounded by a moist growing medium that is sealed in polyethylene film. Trench Layering • Mother plant is bent to the ground and buried. • Plants form at each node on covered stem. Mound Layering • Rooted plant is cut off at the soil level. • As the season progresses, soil is added to cover the growing shoots. • After 1 year, the shoots are rooted and removed from the parent plant. Division & Separation • Cutting or pulling apart of…. • • • • • • • Bulbs Corms Rhizomes Tubers Runners Stolens Suckers Grafting • Joining separate plant parts together so that they form a union and grow together to make one plant. • Scion • Piece of plant at the top of the graft. • Rootstock • The piece of the plant at the root or bottom of the graft. Grafting Methods • Scion & rootstock are the same size: • • • • Wedge Splice Whip & tongue Approach Grafting Methods wedge graft whip & tongue graft splice graft approach graft Grafting Methods • Scion is smaller than the rootstock: • • • • Cleft. Side. Notch. Bark inlay. Grafting Methods cleft graft notch graft side graft bark inlay graft Budding • A form of grafting when a bud is used. • Faster or quicker than grafting. • The 3 main methods are…. • Patch budding. • T-budding. • Chip budding. Patch Budding T-Budding Chip Budding Tissue Culture • Must have a sterile environment. • Get the most plants in a short time. • True to parent plants. Advantages to Asexual Propagation • Plants mature in shorter time. • Some plants do not produce viable seeds. • New plants are same as parent plant. Disadvantages to Asexual Propagation • Some methods require special equipment & skills…. • Such as grafting. • Cuttings detach plant parts from water and nutrient source. • Some plants are patented…. • Making propagation illegal. Biotechnology in Horticulture What is Biotechnology? • The use of cells or components (parts) of cells to produce or processes. Methods of Biotechnology • Tissue Culture • Also called micropropagation. • Uses the terminal shoots or leaf buds in a sterile or aseptic environment on agar gel or other nutrientgrowing media to produce thousands of identical plants. Methods of Biotechnology • Cloning • Genetically generating offspring from non-sexual tissue. Methods of Biotechnology • Genetic Engineering • Movement of genetic information in the form of genes from one cell to another cell to modify or change the genetic make-up. Benefits of Biotechnology • Produce many identical plants in a short time. • Increase disease and insect resistance. • Increase tolerance to heat or cold. • Increase weed tolerance. • Increase tolerance to drought. • Improve environment. • Increase production. • Other genetic changes. Designed By: • Johnny M. Jessup; FFA Advisor • Hobbton High School