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Chapter 6 – Judaism and Christianity
Section Notes
Video
Origins of Judaism
Origins of Christianity
The Byzantine Empire
Impact of Location and Religion
on Istanbul
Maps
The Glory of Constantinople
The Jewish and Christian Worlds,
2000 BC-AD 1453
Jewish Migration after AD 70
Possible Routes of the Exodus
Paul’s Journeys
The Spread of Christianity, 300-400
The Byzantine Empire, 1025
The Jewish and Christian Worlds
Quick Facts
Images
Close-up
Chapter 6 Visual Summary
Judaism
Basic Jewish Beliefs
Jesus of Nazareth
The Last Supper
Origins of Judaism
The Big Idea
The Hebrews formed a great kingdom in Israel
and started a religion called Judaism.
Main Ideas
• The Hebrews’ early history began in Canaan and ended
when the Romans forced them out of Israel.
• Jewish beliefs in God, justice, and law anchor their society.
• Jewish sacred texts describe the laws and principles of
Judaism.
• Traditions and holy days celebrate the history and religion
of the Jewish people.
Abraham’s Journey
Canaan  The “Promised Land”
Main Idea 1:
The Hebrews’ early history began in Canaan
and ended when the Romans forced them out
of Israel.
•
Accounts written by Hebrew scribes describe their early history and the
laws of Judaism, the Hebrews’ religion.
•
Hebrews under Abraham settled in Canaan about 2100 BC.
•
Some Hebrews later moved to Egypt, where they were enslaved.
•
About 1200 BC Moses led his people in a journey out of Egypt called the
Exodus.
•
Many years later Israel was divided into two kingdoms, Israel and Judah.
•
Both kingdoms fell to invaders by 586 BC, and the Jews were scattered
outside of Israel and Judah in the Diaspora.
•
Some Jews returned, but were eventually conquered by the Romans who
killed, enslaved, or drove away much of the Jewish population.
Route of the Exodus
Moses
“Prince of Egypt”
“Shepherd of His People”
Main Idea 2:
Jewish beliefs in God, justice, and law
anchor their society.
One God
Justice
• The belief in one and only one God is called
monotheism.
• The Jews believed they were God’s chosen
people.
• Kindness and fairness in dealing with all other
people
Righteousness • Doing what is proper
• Most important are the Ten Commandments
Law • Mosaic law, recorded by Moses, guides many
areas of Jews’ daily lives.
The Torah
 The first 5
books of the
Hebrew Bible.
 The most
sacred text in the
Jew is religious
tradition.
Main Idea 3:
Jewish sacred texts describe the laws and
principles of Judaism.
Torah
Hebrew Bible
• Most sacred text
of Judaism
• Also called the
Tanach
• Five books
containing most
of the ancient
Jewish laws
• First part: Torah
• Also contains
history of the
Jewish people
until the death of
Moses
• Second part:
Eight books of
messages of the
Hebrew prophets
• Third part: Eleven
books of poetry,
songs, stories,
lessons, and
history, with
Psalms and
Proverbs
Commentaries
• Explanations of
the Torah and
laws by scholars
and rabbis, or
religious teachers
• Especially the
Talmud, produced
between AD 200
and 600
Main Idea 4:
Traditions and holy days celebrate the
history and religion of the Jewish people.
• Jews feel that understanding their history will help them
better follow the Jewish teachings.
• Traditions and holy days help Jews connect with their
past and celebrate their history.
• The most important Jewish holy days are Hanukkah,
Passover, and the High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah and
Yom Kippur.
Jewish Holy Days
• Hanukkah (December)
–Ancient Jews celebrating a victory witnessed lamp oil
for one day miraculously burn for eight full days.
–Today Jews light candles on eight-armed menorahs and
exchange gifts to celebrate the event.
• Passover (March or April)
–Celebrates the Exodus from Egypt
• High Holy Days (September or October)
–Rosh Hashanah: start of a new year in the Jewish
calendar
–Yom Kippur: Jews ask God to forgive their sins.
Origins of Christianity
The Big Idea
Christianity, a religion based on the life and teachings of
Jesus of Nazareth, spread throughout the Roman Empire.
Main Ideas
• The life and death of Jesus of Nazareth inspired a new
religion called Christianity.
• Christians believe that Jesus’s acts and teachings focused
on love and salvation.
• Jesus’s followers taught others about Jesus’s life and
teachings.
• Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire by 400.
Main Idea 1:
The life and death of Jesus of Nazareth
inspired a new religion called Christianity.
• Many people believe Jesus was the Messiah—a great
leader the ancient Jews predicted would come to restore
the greatness of Israel.
• Jesus’s life and teachings form the basis of a religion
called Christianity.
• What we know of Jesus’s life is contained in the Bible, the
holy book of Christianity.
The Life of Jesus
• Jesus was born in a small town called Bethlehem at the end of
the first century BC.
– Jesus’s mother, Mary, was married to Joseph, a carpenter.
– Christians believe God was Jesus’s father.
• Jesus began to travel and teach when he was about 30,
challenging the authority of political and religious leaders.
• In or around AD 30 they arrested and tried him. He was
executed by crucifixion.
• Christians believe in Jesus’s Resurrection, his rise from the
dead three days after he was crucified.
• After the Resurrection, Jesus appeared to some groups of his
disciples, or followers, and taught them about how to pass on
his teachings.
• Then Jesus rose up into heaven.
Main Idea 2:
Christians believe that Jesus’s acts and
teachings focused on love and salvation.
Acts
• According to the
Bible, Jesus
performed
miracles.
• Miracles are
events that
cannot normally
be performed by
a human.
• The New
Testament says
that people
became Jesus’s
followers after
seeing him
perform miracles.
Parables
• Parables are
stories that teach
lessons.
• Jesus taught
using parables.
• Through parables,
Jesus linked his
beliefs and
teachings to
people’s everyday
lives.
Message
• Love God
• Love all people,
even your
enemies
• Salvation, the
rescue of people
from sin
• How people can
reach God’s
kingdom
Main Idea 3:
Jesus’s followers taught others about
Jesus’s life and teachings.
• Twelve men whom Jesus chose to receive
special teaching
The Apostles
• Sent by Jesus to spread his teachings
• Continued teaching after the Resurrection
• Led by Peter after Jesus died
• Accounts of Jesus’s life and teachings written
attributed to his disciples
The Gospels
• New Testament contains four by Matthew,
Mark, Luke, and John
• Best source of information about Jesus’s life
Paul
• Paul is probably the most important person in the spread of
Christianity.
• Paul never met Jesus.
• At first he worked against the spread of Jesus’s message.
• According to the Bible, Paul experienced an event which caused
his conversion to Christianity.
• After his conversion he traveled spreading Christian teachings
and wrote letters to communities throughout the Roman world.
• After he died he was named a saint, a person known and
admired for his or her holiness.
Main Idea 4:
Christianity spread throughout
the Roman Empire by 400.
Christians wrote down and distributed the Gospels and other
teachings.
Local Roman officials challenged the spread of Christianity.
Christianity was banned by emperors during the 200s and 300s.
Local Christian leaders led each Christian community. Leaders,
or bishops, of larger cities had more influence, especially the
bishop of Rome, also known as the pope. As the pope’s
influence grew, Christianity spread throughout Rome.
Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and removed
bans against its practice.
Eventually, Christianity spread from Rome all around the world.
The Byzantine Empire
The Big Idea
The Roman Empire split into two parts,
and the eastern Roman Empire prospered
for hundreds of years after the western empire fell.
Main Ideas
• Eastern emperors ruled from Constantinople and tried but
failed to reunite the whole Roman Empire.
• The people of the eastern empire created a new society
that was very different from society in the west.
• Byzantine Christianity was different from religion in the
west.
Main Idea 1:
Eastern emperors ruled from Constantinople
and tried but failed to reunite
the whole Roman Empire.
• Constantinople was built on the site of the ancient city of
Byzantium and became the center of the Roman Empire.
• Justinian ruled from 527 to 565.
• His army conquered Italy and more land around the
Mediterranean.
• Justinian’s enemies tried to overthrow him in 532.
– Riots in the streets almost made Justinian leave Constantinople.
– His wife, Theodora, helped him find a way to end the riots and stay
in the city.
• Following invasions by barbarians, Persians, and Muslims, later
emperors lost all the land Justinian had gained.
• Constantinople was captured by Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending
the eastern Roman Empire.
Empress Theodora
Emperor Justinian [r. 527-564]
Justinian’s Empire at its Peak
Main Idea 2:
The people of the eastern empire
created a new society that was very different
from society in the west.
• After the death of Justinian, non-Roman influences took
hold throughout the empire.
• Gradually, the empire lost its ties to the old Roman
Empire, and a new society developed.
– Byzantine Empire is what modern historians call the
society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire after
the western empire fell.
Western Empire/Eastern Empire
The Byzantine Empire
•
Location: The site of Constantinople was originally a
Greek trade center.
Influences
•
Trade: Merchants from all over Europe, Asia, and
Africa traded in Constantinople.
Language
•
The eastern empire’s language was Greek.
Philosophy
•
Greek philosophy was studied by scholars.
•
Eastern emperors liked to show their great power.
•
The emperor was the head of the church as well as
the political ruler.
Government
Main Idea 3:
Byzantine Christianity was different
from religion in the west.
Similarities Between East and West
• Most people who lived in the Byzantine Empire were
Christian.
• Byzantine artists created beautiful works of religious art,
such as mosaics, pictures made with pieces of colored
stone or glass.
• They also built magnificent churches, such as Hagia
Sophia.
Church of Hagia Sophia [Holy
Wisdom]
Differences Caused Division
West
East
• Western services performed
in Latin.
• Eastern services performed
in Greek.
• Eastern priests allowed to
marry.
• Western priests not allowed
to marry.
• The Christian Church officially split in the 1000s.
• Eastern Christians formed the Orthodox Church.
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