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World War II Fascism An ultra-nationalist vision of government that holds the nation is a body, with a single leader at its head. Advocates private business but demands business be devoted to the good of the nation Designed as a third way to oppose both Capitalism and Communism Benito Mussolini Founder of Italian Fascism Led a group of Fascist thugs known as “black shirts” on a march to Rome to depose government Supported by Italian King Establishes himself as “Il Duce” (the leader) of Italy in 1922 Argued for the recreation of the Roman Empire, invaded Ethiopia in 1936. Mussolini Francisco Franco Former military officer, launched a coup to become dictator of Spain Leads to a decade long civil war as Fascists under Franco fight socialists/communist resistance Stalin, Hitler and Mussolini send troops to aid both sides of war Spanish Civil War becomes a model of what was to come in World War II Franco and his Nazi allies Nazism Built off the ideas of fascism: overpowering state with single ruler, a Fuhrer Includes racial ideology that claims Germans are the supreme race Seeks to exterminate other races to establish German “Aryan” supremacy over the world Saw Jews in particular as deserving of extermination Rise of Adolf Hitler Joined ultra-nationalist Nazi Party after leaving Army, quickly rose to leadership Launched an attempted coup from Munich in 1923. Ended up arrested. Wrote Mein Kampf in prison Used economic turmoil to rise to power again Blamed Jews and Communists for German surrender and current state of German economy Took chancellorship in 1932 Used fire in Reichstag to assume emergency powers and declare himself Fuhrer Hitler Practicing Stalinist Russia After the death of Lenin, Joseph Stalin seizes control of Russia Stalin begins a five-year plan to modernize Russia at the cost of Russian territory. Millions die of starvation Sends dissidents to Gulags, slave labor camps designed to build Russian economy. Purges Stalin systematically murders anyone in government who opposes him, or isn’t sufficiently enthusiastic. Leaves Russian government weakened, and totally beholden to Stalin for leadership Imperial Japan: Greater Asian Prosperity Zone In a quest to become an world power, Japan begins invading neighboring countries to seize their natural resources Declares that they are freeing Asian nations from colonization to form a prosperity zone In reality, Japanese occupation much more brutal than European powers Invasion of China Japan launches an invasion of China through captured Manchuria, committing hundreds of atrocities against Chinese citizens in order to seize factories, mines and fields. American Neutrality Acts FDR pushed for an embargo (stoppage of trade) of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. Congress refused, arguing it would bring America into war. Congress passes Neutrality Act: forbade President from making selective embargoes without Congressional approval. Prevented loans, or money to be given to any combatants in war. Arms could be sold only if paid immediately in cash. Violating Versailles: The Rhineland Hitler became popular by declaring Treaty of Versailles null and void. Marched German troops into the Rhineland to reclaim German territory Move went unopposed, since most agreed that Versailles was unfair Saw it as a way to appease Hitler Rhineland Annexing of Austria: The Anschluss Hitler argued that Austria must be made part of Germany since it was mostly German speaking people Gave an ultimatum to Austrian government demanding Nazis be put in charge Austrians appealed to France and Britain, they refused to intervene Germans engineer vote, use intimidation on Austrian citizens, and finally march into Austria and claim it for Germany Austria S.S. Troops raiding Jewish Quarter in Vienna The Munich Conference Hitler next demanded The Sudetenland, a portion of Czechoslovakia, which was German speaking Britain and France called a Conference in Munich to dissuade Hitler British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain agreed to let Hitler have Sudetenland if he promised not to invade anything else Declared, “It is peace in our time.” German troops march into Czechoslovakia Soviet-German NonAggression Pact Seeing their former allies unwilling to fight Hitler, Stalin decides on an alliance with Nazis to prevent war Soviet foreign minister Molotov and German foreign Minister Ribbentrop sign a treaty agreeing to not attack each other Both agree to carve up Poland between each other Sitzkreig or Quasi-War Hitler and Stalin invade Poland in 1939. Poland has alliance with Britain and France. France declares war on Germany but neither country acts in Poland’s defense Poland falls to Germany in a matter of weeks A month passes with neither side acting against the other, known as the Quasi-War Attack on Poland The Blitzkrieg The German attack involved lightning fast tank attacks backed by air support Other European powers, preparing for a trench battle could not stand up to German firepower Battle of France Germany invades France from the North, smashing through their lines. Paris falls within a month of the start of fighting in France France divided into two state: a Nazi occupied territory and a puppet state called Vichy Hitler in Paris Battle of Britain Hitler sends aircraft to attack Britain in preparation for invasion Though outnumbered, British fight Germans off Election of 1940 Roosevelt runs for an unprecedented 3rd term Runs against isolationist Wendell Wilkie Promises that United States will not get directly involved in World War II Lend-Lease Program In order to aid Britain without violating Neutrality Acts, Roosevelt begins lending equipment to the British to help them fight Includes American planes and destroyers The America First Committee Started in response to lend-lease Argued that Americans should think of America First, rather than risk getting involved in foreign war Opposed all efforts to join WWII or aid either side Operation Barbarossa In Summer 1941, Hitler launches a massive invasion of the Soviet Union Commits hundreds of thousands of men, giving Britain a reprieve Germans soon bogged down in Russian territory Atlantic Charter Charter between British and French. Declared that the United States and Great Britain would protect existing borders, and defend against any aggression in their territory Ultimately a statement of solidarity, nothing more Japan on the Move Japan invades Indochina, declaring war on the French, British and Dutch. In response, the United States launched an embargo of coal, oil and rubber on Japan Attack on Pearl Harbor Believing War with U.S. inevitable, Japan launches a surprise attack on United States navy Destroys every battleship in the fleet Aircraft Carriers untouched Ends protest to war, United States fully commits America on the Homefront Roosevelt’s War Programs The President begins enacting programs to transition the entire American economy into producing goods for the war effort War Production Board Roosevelt created a new government agency to oversee the transformation of the U.S. economy into making weapons Effectively commandeered car and plane factories to make fighters, bombers and tanks Companies received large amounts of government funding if they could convince gov. of their necessity Office of Price Administration Had the power to place price ceilings on all goods to ensure that the government could purchase raw materials Controlled supply to ensure bulk of material went to the war National Labor Relations Board In order to prevent strikes in all industries vital to the War, FDR used the Labor Relations Board to arbitrate worker’s grievances against their companies Had Unions sign “No-Strike Pledges” Revenue Act of 1942 Added a 5% Victory tax to all incomes, with the exception of the very poor. Created widespread income taxation for the first time in American history The Draft Established a draft for all American males aged 18-29. Chosen by a lottery system Around 10 million men drafted Refusing to go a felony offense Exceptions included College Student Married with children Chronic medical problems WACS and WAVES Women served either in the Women’s Auxiliary Core or the Women’s Auxiliary Volunteer Emergency Service Women worked as nurses, radio operators, ambulance drivers and members of the signal corps African Americans Served in segregated units or flocked to the cities for high paying war jobs The Japanese Internment: Fearing Japanese on the west coast would be disloyal, thousands of families were rounded up by executive order and locked in internment camps for the duration of the war Anti-Japanese Sentiment Korematsu v. U.S. A group of Japanese-American citizens sued the government, arguing that internment was a violation of their rights. Court found that in cases of emergency the government has the right to imprison citizens if they represent a danger to the U.S. Nisei Regiments Japanese were allowed to fight for the U.S., but only against the Germans Several served with distinction and won Medals of Honor U.S. Joins the Fight North Africa: First U.S. combat against Germans was to force German troops out of N. Africa. Overwhelming U.S. numbers forced German General Erwin Rommel to retreat to Italy Invasion of Italy U.S. led invasion of Italy through Sicily Italians rise up to aid U.S./British invasion Mussolini murdered by a mob, Italians side with Allies Germans forced to fight a delaying action in Alps to stop U.S. from invading Germany The Air War U.S. used heavy bombers like the B-17 to carpet bomb German cities and industry Losses were high, but German economy crippled Tide Turns in Russia Russians win two major battles at Stalingrad and Kursk, crushing the German Army and destroying thousands of tanks Germany now forced on the defensive for rest of war Invasion of France On June 6, 1944 the United States, Britain and Canada launch a massive invasion of Northern France Known as D-Day Hitler now facing a war on all sides V-E Day Germany surrenders after Hitler’s suicide on May 8th, 1945 Germany divided between Soviet Red Army and Allies Berlin divided into sectors controlled by British, French, Americans and Soviets V-E Day The Shoa Krystallnacht: Nov 9-10 1939, beginning of German pogrom against the Jewish people. Thousands of Jewish homes, synagogues, and storefronts destroyed Resettlement and the Ghettos As Germans conquered Poland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia they forced Jews to move to enclosed spaces in cities, and to mark themselves with yellow stars Jews forced to work as slave labor in various war industries The Wannsee Conference Jan. 20, 1942: Reinhardt Heydrich offered what he called the “final solution to the Jewish question” in a paper to Hitler. Hitler signed off on it, beginning the process of organized extermination of Jews, Gypsies, persons of color and Slavs. Concentration and Slave Labor Camps Germans set up nearly 100 camps in every country they conquered. Kept political prisoners and undesirables at starvation conditions, working in war industries Many would eventually be converted to extermination camps The Death Camps Camps devoted to the full-time extermination of people Hitler considered undesirable. Total number died in camps 8.8 million, around 6 million of which were exclusively Jewish. Jewish Resistance Ghetto Uprisings: Several ghettos experienced prolonged uprisings as Jewish civilians fought to keep from being evicted or exterminated. Most famous was the Warsaw Uprising Months of smuggling guns into the ghetto Hundreds of German deaths Germans forced to send a tank battalion to put down the uprising. Sonderkommando Uprising Sonderkommandos bodies in Auschwitz worked disposing Destroyed a crematorium, killed several German soldiers prior to being killed Working for the Resistance Resistance groups worked to smuggle Jewish families out of Europe to U.S. or Africa. Many Jews remained with the resistance as guerilla fighters against the Nazis Roosevelt and the Holocaust Roosevelt hindered by isolationist policies put in place by previous Congresses Incident of the U.S.S. St. Louis demonstrates Roosevelt’s problems Had reports of German brutality but chose to focus on war effort Forced to find another place for Jewish Refugees to go thanks to National Quotas set by Immigration Acts Did not live long enough to see the horrors of the camps as they were liberated. Pacific Front The Philippines: Philippines fell to Japanese in 1941, Americans fought until out of ammo then surrendered Japanese force-marched them across island with no food or water to kill as many as possible. Known as the Bataan Death March Return Americans return and invade islands in 1944. Filipinos aid army, after having been largely enslaved by Japanese. Islands become a base to launch air attacks against other Japanese holdings Island Hopping and Midway Island Hopping: Strategy of capturing one island after another moving steadily towards Japan itself Midway: U.S. forces lured the Japanese carrier fleet into a trap. Destroyed three Japanese carriers in one day. Turned tide of war. From Midway onward, Japan steadily losing Iwo Jima Small Island: capable of supporting a land-strip, in range of Japan Month long grueling battle digging entrenched Japanese out of their mountain stronghold Americans saw many civilians and soldiers commit suicide rather than be captured Convinced President Truman that Japan would not surrender Battle of Iwo Jima The Manhattan Project Secret plan to construct a nuclear bomb Best scientists in the country gathered to develop weapon Tested at Alamagordo, NM, July 16, 1945 The Atomic Bomb First atomic Bomb, Little Boy dropped on Hiroshima, Aug 6, 1945. The single bomb destroyed 70% of the city. Initial deaths were around 200,000 On Aug. 11th, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Death toll estimates at 70,000-100,000. Hiroshima and Nagasaki Power of the Flash Power of the Flash V-J Day: The War Ends Japan Surrenders Unconditionally on Sept 2, 1945 after Russia entered the War The War left most of Europe and Asia in devastated ruins. United States and Russia are now the uncontested superpowers in the world. Stage set for a nuclear fueled conflict between two gigantic powers, capable of destroying themselves and the planet.
