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Parts of Speech and
Miscellaneous *Phrases
*Phrases are groups of words
that work as one part of speech
Noun
A word that
names a
person,
place, thing,
idea or
activity
Dr. Parsons, student, professor, Who?
rabbits, steak, potatoes,
What?
school, house, computer,
swimming (an activity),
sewing (an activity)
Pronoun
A word that
takes the
place of a
noun
He, she, it, we, you, they, him,
her, they, this, that, these,
anyone, everyone
Verb
A word that
Runs, studies, talks, thinks,
shows action
sleeps, is, are, was, will be
or has the
same
meaning as
the word
“equal”
Adjective
A word that
describes a
noun or
pronoun
Ten fingers
Little money
Red wagon
Tom is patient
Jane was sad
Her hat
The tall man
Ally's dog
Who?
What?
How many?
How
much?
Which one?
What kind?
Whose?
Adverb
A word that
describes a
verb,
adjective or
adverb
Slowly moved
Study today
Went home
Very tired
Conjunction
A word that
connects or
joins words,
phrases or
sentences
BOYSFAN: coordinating conj.
But, or, yet, so, for, and, nor
Subordinating conjunctions:
because, when, since, that
Preposition
A word that
In, on, to, from, around, with,
establishes a
for, up, down:
relationship
the man in the red house
between two The preposition "in" relates the
words in the
man to the house
sentence
Interjection
A word that
shows
emotion and
has no
grammatical
relationship
Hey!
Wow!
Oh!
Well,
How? When?
Where? Why?
To what extent
or degree?
Under what
condition?
(1) preposition (2) any modifiers (3) its
object
Ex.
Reach for the catnip ball (1) behind (2)
the green (3) couch.
Bring the book to me.
Some commonly used
prepositions are…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
In
For
By
Through
From
Out
During
Before
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
After
Under
Around
Along
With
Before
But (meaning except)
Near
Punctuation Hint…
• Use a comma after two or more
introductory prepositional
phrases.
By the light of the moon, we went
on an old-fashioned hayride.
• Consists of a noun and its modifiers
which stands beside another noun,
renames it, and adds new
information.
Ex.
My mother, the woman with the tan
face, must have blinked as the
shutter snapped.
Punctuation Hint…
• The only time appositives are not
set off by commas is if the noun is
closely related to the noun it is
modifying and is essential.
My brother Matt has the cutest son. [I
have more than one brother]
Have you ever seen the movie Home
Alone? [specifies the particular movie]
VERBALS
• A VERBAL used to be a verb.
Now it is a different part of
speech.
There are three kinds of verbals:
Participles
Gerunds
Infinitives
Participles
(ADJECTIVES)
The sliding cat crashed into the cans.
What is a participle?
• A participle is a form of a verb
that functions as an adjective.
• Ex. The cagey cat consumed a
crumbling crumbcake.
• Crumbling is the participle
because it is a verb describing a
noun—crumbcake.
Types of participles
• There are two kinds of participles:
present and past participles.
• Present participles end in:
-ing
• Ex. leaping, blazing, withering
• Past participles end in:
-ed, -t, or –en
• Ex. Pumped, burnt, broken
Huh?
• DON’T CONFUSE PARTICIPLES
AND VERBS!
• Participles AREN’T preceded by
helping verbs.
• Ex. The sputtering sedan wobbled
down the boulevard. (participle)
• The sedan was sputtering down the
boulevard. (verb)
Participial Phrases
• Participial phrases consist of a participle
and its related words. The whole kit and
caboodle acts as an adjective.
• Ex. The girl eating the chocolate
buttery croissant got a stomach
ache.
• The participial phrase (yellow) is
describing the noun, girl. (underlined)
The girl eating the chocolate buttery
croissant got a stomach ache.
Punctuation Hint…
• Introductory participial phrases must
be followed by commas
Calling for a timeout, the referee blew her
whistle.
• Participial phrases that interrupt the
sentence should also be separated by
commas
Another member of the group, leaving the
camp at night, was attacked by a bear.
Across
1. My sister, eating
her breakfast,
talked with her
mouth full.
5. The running boy
tripped and fell.
Down
2. The talking girl
would not stop
talking.
3. Flying cats ruled
the ancient city.
4. Harry, the
jumping bunny,
jumped all the way
home!
Find the participles in the
sentences and fill them in the
correct blanks
ANSWERS
• Across
• 1. My sister, eating her breakfast, talked with
her mouth full.
• 5. The running boy tripped and fell.
• Down
• 2. The talking girl would not stop talking.
• 3. Flying cats ruled the ancient city.
• 4. Harry, the jumping bunny, jumped all the
way home!
Gerunds
(NOUNS)
Gerunds… say what?
• A gerund is a verbal that ends
in –ing and functions as a noun.
• A Gerund can be used as a
subject, direct object, subject
complement, and object of
preposition because it functions
as a noun.
Gerund as a Subject
• Traveling might
satisfy your desire
for new experiences.
• traveling = subject
• satisfy = predicate
Gerund as a Direct Object
• They appreciate
my singing.
• Singing is used as
a direct object
because it answers
the question of
the verb (what are
they appreciating?
Singing)
GERUNDS
are super!
Without them,
verbs couldn’t
be nouns!
Gerunds as Subject
Complements
• My mom’s favorite
activity is running.
• Running is
explaining the
subject in this
sentence (what
activity? Running.)
Bonus Question: Is the sentence boxed
above an example of a predicate nominative
or a predicate adjective? Why?
Gerund as an Object of the
Preposition
• The police
arrested him for
speeding.
• Speeding is the
object of the
preposition: for
(for what? For
speeding.)
Gerund Phrase
• A gerund phrase consists of a
gerund plus a modifier, object,
and/or complement.
• Finding a needle in a haystack
would be easier than what we're
trying to do.
• The entire phrase acts as the
subject of the sentence.
QUIZ TIME!
Aren’t you glad you were paying attention?
(# 1 – 5; note the Gerunds)
1. Daniel started doing his homework at
12:30 PM.
2. He apologized for being late.
3. He insisted on speaking to the manager
because there was a fly in his soup.
4. She made plans for going to Fiji.
5. Swimming was her favorite activity.
Answers
1. Doing—object
2. Being—object of
preposition
3. Speaking—obj of
preposition
4. Going—object of
preposition
5. Swimming—
subject
Life would
be empty
without
Gerunds
“An infinitive is a verb form, usually preceded by to, that can be
used as a noun, adjective, or adverb”
In other words….
Infinitives are verbs that can be used as nouns
• Example: To smile shows happiness.
**to smile is an infinitive because it acts as the subject of the sentence**
Infinitives are verbs that can be used as adjectives
• That is the book to read.
**to read is an infinitive because it uses a verb to modify or describe the object
of the sentence**
Infinitives are verbs that can be used as adverbs
• He ran to win.
**to win is an infinitive because it modifies or describes a verb**
How can you identify an infinitive?
Occasionally…
• Some infinitives are not proceeded
by the word “to”
Example:
- Please let me help.
Help is the infinitive of the sentence because it
modifies the object of the sentence.
(*Why is help an infinitive and not a verb? Let acts as
the verb in the sentence, and therefore help is a
verbal acting as a noun, making it the infinitive.)
• Split Infinitives: Any time a word is
placed in between the “to” and the
verb of an infinitive.
Ex:
“To boldly go where no one
has gone before.”
- Star Trek
Captain James Tiberius Kirk
Label your paper 1- 4 and write the infinitive
of each sentence. Then, write if it is acting
as a noun, an adverb, or an adjective.
1.
2.
3.
4.
To succeed requires determination.
Happiness is the way to go.
Students need to learn.
I want to see a Star Wars again.
1. To succeed- noun
2. To go- adjective
3. To learn- adverb
4. To see- adverb
Phrase
Identifying Features
How it functions in a sentence
Gerund
a verb ending
with
-ing
as a noun
a verb ending with an
Participle
(participial phrase) -ing, -ed, or -en
Infinitive
to + a verb
as an adjective
noun, adjective or
adverb
begins with a
adjective,
adverb
Prepositional preposition and ends
with a noun or pronoun or noun
PHRASE
Examples
Swimming at noon is fun.
I enjoy playing the guitar..
Gerund
Opening the window brought fresh
air into the stuffy room.
the written word
Participle
the spoken directions
(participial phrase) a bleeding heart
Infinitive
To take notes during a lecture is
important.
I prepared to study my notes.
Prepositional
in the box
on the table
around the room
for my instructor
Practicing is good!
Hold on! Isn’t there an easy way to tell the
difference between a participle and a gerund
(since they can both end in “ing”)?
Nouns are usually key components of a
sentence—take the noun out and the sentence
won’t make sense anymore.
Adjectives, on the other hand, are not so vitally
important. Take out the adjective, and the
sentence still makes sense (although it is much
less descriptive!)
Practicing is good!
So, if you can take the
“-ing” word out of the
sentence and it still
makes sense, what type
of verbal is it????
My practicing students excelled
on the test!
Noun + a Participle
Ex.
Her whistle blasting repeatedly, the
lifeguard cleared the pool.
(Notice that there is no grammatical
relation to the sentence.)
• resembles a clause—why?
• Why is it NOT a clause?
Yes, we covered a lot…
• Fortunately, you can view this again
by going to my website:
MHS website
Teacher Sites
Language Arts
Click on my webpage
Locate “Class Files”
Click on the PowerPoint “Verbals[1]”