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Feraco
English 9 – Period
4 November 2008
Stories:
First Quarter Exam: Study Guide
 “Fish Cheeks,” Amy Tan
 “The White Umbrella,” Gish Jen
 “The Most Dangerous Game,”
Richard Connell
 “The Scarlet Ibis,” James Hurst
 “The Lady, or the Tiger?”, Frank
Stockton
 “The Gift of the Magi,” O. Henry
 “A Christmas Memory,” Truman
Capote
 “The Cask of Amontillado,” Edgar
Allen Poe
Holt Handbook (Grammar)
 Chapter 1: Parts of Speech
 Chapter 2: Parts of Sentences
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 Chapter 18: Writing Complete
Sentences
While Studying the Stories
Can you apply your SSLTs to each story well enough to identify
each applicable term in said story? (For example, can you
identify the protagonist in “The Most Dangerous Game,” or the
internal conflict in “Fish Cheeks”?)
What does each character do? Why does each character do what they
do over the course of the story?
How are the stories related to one another, and how are they
different from one another?
While Studying Grammar
Chapter 1: Parts of Speech
1. Noun: A word or word group that is used to name a person, a
place, a thing, or an idea.
a. Proper Noun: A noun that names a particular person, place,
thing, or idea and is capitalized.
i. Examples: Martin Luther King, Jr.; Arcadia; Eiffel
Tower; Buddhism
b. Common Noun: A noun that names any one of a group of
persons, places, things, or ideas and is generally not
capitalized.
i. Examples: scientist; city; building; religion
1. Comparing and Contrasting: The proper nouns
Vietnam, Detroit, and Christopher Columbus all
name specific individuals or places – and all are
capitalized! On the other hand, the common nouns
man, month, and city still refer to people,
places, things, or ideas – but they do so without
being specific (“man” vs. “Martin Luther King,
Jr.”) and (generally) without capitalization.
c. Concrete Noun: A noun that names a person, place, or thing
that can be perceived by one or more of the five human
senses (smell, sight, taste, touch, and hearing).
i. Examples: cloud, poison ivy, thunder, silk, yogurt,
Sarah
d. Abstract Noun: A noun that names an idea, feeling, quality,
or characteristic.
i. Examples: freedom, well-being, beauty, kindness,
Buddhism
e. Compound Noun: A noun that actually consists of two or more
words used together as a single noun. (The parts of a
compound noun may be written as one word, as separate words,
or even as a hyphenated word!)
i. Examples: One word: firefighter, Iceland, newspaper.
Separate words: prime minister, Red River Dam, fire
drill. Hyphenated word: sister-in-law, pull-up, Portau-Prince.
f. Collective Noun: A word that names a group.
i. Examples: People: audience, chorus, committee, crew.
Animals: brood, flock, gaggle, pack, herd. Things:
assortment, batch, bundle, cluster.
2. Pronoun: A word that is used is place of one or more nouns or
pronouns (“antecedents”).
a. Personal Pronoun: Refers to the one speaking (first-person),
the one spoken to (second-person), or the one spoken about
(third-person).
i. Examples: First Person: I, me, my, mine, we, us, our,
ours. Second Person: you, your, yours. Third Person:
he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them,
their, theirs.
ii. Examples in Context: I hope that they can find your
apartment by following our directions…She said that we
could call them at home…Their dog obeyed them
immediately and went to its bed.
b. Reflexive Pronoun: A pronoun that refers to the subject of a
sentence and functions as a complement or as an object of a
preposition.
c. Intensive Pronoun: A pronoun that merely serves to amplify
or emphasize its antecedent; it has no independent
grammatical function.
i. Examples of Both: First Person: myself, ourselves.
Second Person: yourself, yourselves. Third Person:
himself, herself, itself, themselves.
ii. Examples in Context: “Meliza treated herself to a
snack” uses “herself” reflexively; “Meliza herself
organized the get-together” uses “herself” intensively.
d. Demonstrative Pronoun: A pronoun that is used to point out a
specific person, place, thing, or idea.
i. Examples: this, that, these, those. That is Nick’s
favorite restaurant in Arcadia…The meals I cooked
tasted better than those.
e. Interrogative Pronoun: A pronoun that introduces a question.
i. Examples: who, whom, which, what, whose. Which of these
movies is best? What is the homework about?
f. Relative Pronoun: A pronoun that introduces a subordinate
clause.
i. Examples: that, which, who, whom, whose. Johnny is my
friend who is training for the Los Angeles marathon.
g. Indefinite Pronoun: A pronoun that refers to one or more
persons, places, ideas, or things that may or may not be
specifically named.
i. Examples: All, any, both, each, either, most, nobody,
nothing, several, some.
ii. Examples in Context: Mollie has memorized enough
material to pass both of her midterms…Is anyone awake
today?...Several students requested a copy of this
study guide.
3. Adjective: A word that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun.
a. Modifications: Adjectives adjust nouns by telling how many,
what kind, or which one.
i. What kind? Gray skies, Southern cooking, tallest
building, confusing story
ii. Which one? Either way, those kids, first page
iii. How many? Five fingers, one hand, some pigeons
b. Demonstrative Adjectives vs. Demonstrative Pronouns
i. This, that, these, and those can be used both as
adjectives and as pronouns
ii. When they modify nouns or pronouns, they are called
demonstrative adjectives.
1. Examples: Did Jeffrey use this paper or that
one?...Let’s take these books and those CDs with
us.
iii. When they take the place of nouns or pronouns, they are
called demonstrative pronouns.
1. Examples: This is mine and that is yours…These are
worse than those are!
c. Proper Adjectives: Adjectives that are formed from proper
nouns.
i. Examples: Arcadia streets, California coast, Picasso
painting.
d. Articles: The most commonly used adjectives (a, an, and the)
i. Indefinite Articles: “A” and “an,” because they refer
to any member of a general group.
ii. Definite Article: “The,” because it refers to someone
or something in particular.
e. Placement “Rules”: In most cases, the adjective appears just
before the noun or pronoun it modifies.
4. Verb: A word that is used to express action or a state of being.
a. Verb Phrase: Consists of at least one main verb and one or
more helping verbs.
i. Examples: “is leaving” (is = helping verb, leaving =
main verb); “had seemed” (had = helping verb, seemed =
main verb)
b. Main Verb: The “verb of focus” in a verb phrase.
c. Helping Verb: Helps the main verb express action or a state
of being
i. Examples: All forms of the verb to be, as well as can,
could, did, do, does, had, has, have, may, might, must,
shall, should, will, and would.
d. Action Verb: A verb that expresses either physical or mental
action.
i. Examples: Physical actions include write, describe,
sit, receive, arise, go, etc., while mental actions
include remember, consider, think, understand, believe,
and know.
e. Linking Verb: A verb that connects the subject to a word or
word group that identifies or describes the subject. (The
most common linking verbs are forms of “to be.”) It must be
followed by a subject complement.
f. Subject Complement: A noun or pronoun that names the subject
or an adjective that describes the subject.
g. Transitive Verb: A verb that expresses an action directed
toward a person, place, or thing. The action expressed by a
transitive verb passes from the “doer” – the subject – to
the receiver of the action – the object.
i. Objects: Words that receive the action of a transitive
verb.
h. Intransitive Verb: A verb that expresses action (or tells
something about the subject) without the action passing to a
receiver (aka “object”).
i. Transitive vs. Intransitive: Josh studied his notes
(transitive) vs. Josh studied very late (intransitive),
or Mr. Feraco wrote a poem (transitive) vs. Mr. Feraco
wrote slowly (intransitive).
5. Adverb: A word that can modify verbs, adjectives, or other
adverbs.
a. Adverbs tell where, when, how, or to what extent (how long,
how much).
6. Preposition: A word that shows the relationship of a noun or
pronoun to another word.
a. Examples: Above, across, after, against, around, behind,
below, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from,
in, into, near, of, off, on, out, past, through, to, under,
with, etc.
b. Object of the Preposition: The noun or pronoun that a
preposition relates another word to.
i. “The Saint Bernard slept near/under/on/beside my bed” –
each bolded preposition transforms the meaning of the
sentence.
ii. In this case, “bed” is the object of the preposition
because the prepositions are establishing the Saint
Bernard’s position relative to the bed.
iii. The object of the preposition follows the preposition
itself.
c. Compound Preposition: Prepositions that consist of two or
more words.
d. Prepositional Phrase: The preposition, its object, and any
modifiers of the object combine to form a prepositional
phrase.
7. Conjunction: A word that joins words or word groups.
a. Coordinating Conjunction: A conjunction that joins words or
word groups that are used in the same way.
i. Examples: FANBOYS! (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)
b. Correlative Conjunction: A pair of conjunctions that join
words or word groups that are used in the same way.
i. Examples: Both…and, either…or, not only…but also,
neither…nor, and whether…or.
8. Interjection: A word that expresses emotion, and has no
grammatical relation to the rest of a sentence.
Chapter 2: Parts of Sentences
1. The Sentence: A word or word group that contains a subject and a
verb and that expresses a complete thought.
2. Sentence Fragment: A word or word group that is capitalized and
punctuated as though it’s a sentence, but that doesn’t contain
both a subject and a verb or doesn’t express a complete thought.
3. Subject: Tells whom or what the sentence is about.
a. Simple Subject: The main words or word group that tells whom
or what the sentence is about.
b. Complete Subject: Consists of the simple subject and any
words, phrases, or clauses that modify the simple subject.
4. Predicate: Says something about the subject.
a. Simple Predicate (Verb): The main word or word group that
tells something about the subject.
b. Complete Predicate: Consists of a verb and all the words
that describe the verb and complete its meaning.
5. Finding the Subject: First, find the verb. Next, ask “Who?” or
“What?” before the verb. (Remember, the subject is never in the
prepositional phrase.)
6. Compound Subject: Consists of two or more subjects that are
joined by a conjunction and that have the same verb.
7. Compound Verb: Consists of two or more verbs that are joined by a
conjunction and that have the same subject.
8. Complement: A word or word group that completes the meaning of a
verb.
9. Subject Complement: A word or word group in the predicate that
identifies or describes the subject.
10.
Objects: Complements that do not refer to the subject.
a. Direct Object: A noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who
or what receives the action of a verb or shows the result of
the action.
b. Indirect Object: A noun, pronoun, or word group that tells
to whom or to what (or for whom or for what) the action of a
transitive verb is done.
11.
Declarative Sentence: A sentence that makes a statement and
ends with a period.
12.
Imperative Sentence: A sentence that gives a command or
makes a request (without questioning). Most imperative sentences
end with periods, but strongly expressed commands can end with
exclamation points.
13.
Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that asks a question and
ends with a question mark.
14.
Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that shows excitement or
expresses strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point.
Chapter 18: Writing Complete Sentences
1. Phrase: A group of words that does not have a subject and a verb
and that is used as a single part of speech.
a. Verbal Phrase: A phrase containing the verbal and its
modifiers and complements. (By itself, a verbal phrase is a
fragment because it does not express a complete thought.)
i. Verbal: Forms of verbs that are used as other parts of
speech
1. Some verbals end in –ing, -d, or –ed and are used
the same way adjectives are.
2. Other verbs follow the word “to” (“to go,” “to
play”)
b. Appositive Phrase: A phrase made up of an appositive and its
modifiers. (This is also a fragment because it does not
contain the basic parts of a sentence.)
i. Appositive: A noun or pronoun placed beside another
noun or pronoun in order to identify or describe it.
c. Prepositional Phrase: The preposition, its object, and any
modifiers of the object combine to form a prepositional
phrase.
2. Clause: A group of words that contains a subject and a verb.
a. Independent Clause: A clause that expresses a complete
thought and can stand on its own as a sentence.
b. Subordinate (Dependent) Clause: A clause that does not
express a complete thought and cannot stand on its own as a
sentence.
i. A subordinate clause telling why, where, when, or how
is called an adverb clause.
3. Run-on Sentence: Two or more complete sentences run together as
one.
a. Fused Sentence: A run-on that contains no punctuation
between the two combined sentences.
b. Comma Splice: A run-on that links two sentences through the
incorrect use of a comma (instead of using a period to break
the two apart).