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RECOGNIZING THE SENTENCE Sentence • a group of words with a subject and verb that expresses a complete thought Simple Subject • the person, place, thing, or idea spoken of Complete Subject • the subject and all words that modify it * when an assignment refers to the subject, it means the simple subject Verb • tells what the subject is or does Complete Predicate • the verb and all words that modify it Run-on • more than one sentence run together as one Fragment • incomplete sentence (missing subject, verb, or complete thought) Compound Subject • consists of more than one person, place, or thing connected with a conjunction Ex: Two crows and a bluejay are perched on an oak tree. Compound Verb • consists of more than one verb connected with a conjunction Ex: The ducks arrived in the evening and settled on the marshes. * Both sentence parts may be compound. Ex: Alice and June washed and dried the dishes. Compound Sentence • two or more sentences connected with conjunction Ex: Alice washed the dishes, but June dried them. Conjunction • • connecting word the most common ones are 1 and, or, but, nor SENTENCES KINDS OF SENTENCES A. Declarative • makes a statement and ends with a period Ex: The children are playing in the back yard. B. Imperative • makes a command or request and ends with a period or exclamation mark * Its subject is always (you) understood. Ex: Put the flowers in the vase. C. Interrogative • asks a question and ends with a question mark Ex: Who will help with the decorations? D. Exclamatory • shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation mar * It often begins with a question word but does NOT ask a question. Ex: What a wonderful contest! ORDER OF SENTENCES A. Natural • the subject comes before the verb Ex: The truck raced around the corner. B. Inverted • all or part of the verb comes before the subject Ex: Around the corner raced the truck. There are twelve boys in the class. Did you go to the game last night? SENTENCE STRUCTURE A. Simple • has one independent clause B. Compound • has at least two independent clauses C. Complex • has one independent clause and at least one subordinate (dependent) clause D. Compound-Complex • contains at least two independent clauses (compound) and one dependent clause (complex) dep. clause indep. clause Ex: Because John was innocent, his lawyer insisted on justice, indep. clause and the case was resolved. 2 NOUNS Definition • a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea Concrete noun • can be seen or touched a. person, place, or thing Ex: mouse, athlete, California, pencil Abstract noun • can not actually be seen or touched a. idea Ex: courage, joy, fear, beauty, love Common noun • names any person, place, thing, or idea (not a specific one) Ex: street, dog, lake Proper noun • names a particular person, place, thing, or idea (specific) Ex: Lake Michigan, Fourth Avenue, Bill Gerund • a verb form ending in ing used as a noun Ex: Your snoring kept me awake. I enjoy hiking in the woods on an autumn day. * Remember: ing words need helpers in order to be verbs. Ex: Dad is fishing on the lake. Someone is really snoring. Collective noun • • names a group of persons or things Ex: audience, choir, group, team, class may be singular or plural a. singular when the group is used as a whole Ex: The choir is singing the first song. b. plural when the members are thought of separately Ex: The choir are arranging their music. Compound noun • consists of two or more words Ex: football, mother-of-pearl, high school *Remember: proper nouns are often compound. Ex: West Fargo Middle School United States of America Sally Jean Peterson 3 1. Subject (S) • USES OF NOUNS names the person, place, thing, or idea spoken of S Ex: The baby sparrow topples from the limb of the tree. 2. Predicate nominative (PN) • follows a linking verb and renames the subject LV PN Ex: The highest mountain was the peak in the middle. 3. Object of the preposition • (OP) completes the prepositional phrase OP OP Ex: The entrance(to the cave)was blocked(by a stone). 4. Direct object (DO) • • comes after an action verb and receives the action performed by the subject answers the question “whom?” or “what?” after the action verb AV DO Ex: Jack hit the ball over the fence. AV DO AV DO The girls made fudge and sold it. 5. Indirect object (IO) • • answers the question “to whom?” or “for whom?” after the verb receives the direct object * take note of the position of the indirect object in the sentence. (S + V + IO + DO) IO DO Ex: Sam sold Ed his bicycle. IO IO DO Mother bought Bill and Ted two pairs of shoes. 6. Appositive (App) • stands next to another noun or pronoun and is the same person or thing App Ex: Mr. Sharp, a mechanic, is a very busy man. App App Jack, your brother, and Charles, my cousin, won prizes at the science fair. App The last item on the list, the tent, goes into the trunk first. 7. Direct address (DA) • a name used in speaking directly to a person DA Ex: Sara, where are you? 8. Possessive (Poss) • shows ownership Ex: Last evening the moon’s glare was blinding. Last week's vacation was very delightful. 9. Subject of verb understood (S-V) • • used only in a comparison last word in the sentence (last person or thing being compared) S-V Ex: Sam’s bike has more gears than Joe’s bike. (has) 4 • VERBS A word or a group of words that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement. 1. Action verbs • • PHYSICAL ACTION - jump, shout, search, run MENTAL ACTION - worry, think, believe, imagine 2. Linking verbs • Connect (link) the subject with a noun, pronoun, or adjective in the predicate Ex: The sky was clear. (PA) George became a lawyer. (PN) • *Memorize these linking verbs. Definition KINDS OF VERBS “being” verbs am is are was were be being been • 5sense words GRASS TB look grow smell remain taste appear sound stay feel seem turn become Some verbs can be either action or linking, depending on how they are used in a sentence. Ex: I tasted the dandelion salad. (Action verb) It tasted bitter. (Linking verb) 3. Being verbs • • Simply show state of being *Memorize the 8 being verbs. am was is were are be being been Ex: The boy was here before he left. Don has been away this week. Mary is on her way. The presents are under the tree. 4. Auxiliary verbs (helping) verbs • • • MAIN VERB - a one-word verb AUXILIARY VERBS - the other verbs that help the main verb VERB PHRASE - a main verb and one or more auxiliary (helping) verbs - can be two, three, or four words • *Memorize the auxiliary verbs be were am been is has are have was had 5 do does did can could shall should willbeing would must may might VERBS (continued) Transitive verbs have voice A. Active voice • The subject “performs” the action. ( S - Doer ) D R Ex: Kevin read these books. R Electric motors run high-speed trains. B. Passive voice • The subject receives the action. (S = Receiver ) R D Ex: These books were read by Kevin. D High speed trains are run by electric motors. Using Active/Passive voice • Active voice makes writing stronger and more interesting. It emphasizes the action. Ex: Alvin took his picture. (active) This picture was taken by Alvin. (passive) • Passive voice is used to emphasize the receiver of an action or to show or suggest the doer of the action is unknown. Ex: The files were destroyed by the fire. This piano was tuned well. 6 PREPOSITIONS Definition • • are used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence. are always part of a phrase. Prepositional phrase • is a group of words beginning with a preposition and completed by a noun or pronoun. Object of the preposition (op) • is a noun or pronoun that completes the prepositional phrase. prep Ex: op The package under the tree is mine. prep op The cat with the pink collar is sleeping. Common prepositions about above across after against along among around at before behind below Compound prepositions according to because of instead of out of beneath beside besides between beyond but (except) by concerning down during except for from in inside into like near of off on out outside over past since through to toward under until up upon with within without aside from in addition to on account of [ prep ] as well as in front of on top of op Ex: According to the news, there were thirty homes destroyed. [ prep ] op She was home on account of the strike. 7 PREPOSITIONS (continued) Adverb or Preposition? • • The same word can be either a preposition or adverb. A preposition must be followed by an object. Ex: The plane circled above. (adv) The plane circled (above the field.) (prep) Can you come over to my house? (adv) We saw the eagle fly(over the treetops.) (prep) Prepositional Phrases (As modifiers) • When prepositional phrases modify nouns or pronouns, they are called adjective phrases. They answer which? what kind? how many? op Ex: The sound (of the trumpet) filled the hall. op op Will you play one (of the songs) (in this book)? • When they modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs, they are called adverb phrases. They answer how? when? where? how much? v op Ex: The team ran (around the field). adj op Your are quite skillful (at that game). 8 • Misplaced prepositional phrases (modifiers) PREPOSITIONS (continued) Place prepositional phrases as close as possible to words they modify. A. People were talking about dogs in the dining room. * Were the dogs or the people in the dining room? Look what happens to the prepositional phrase. B. People in the dining room were talking about dogs. (adj) C. In the dining room, people were talking about dogs. (adv) D. People were talking in the dining room about dogs. (adv) SENTENCE COMBINING • Combine short, related sentences by inserting adjectives, adverbs, or prepositional phrases. Ex: The bird sings in the cage. The bird is yellow. It sings sweetly. The cage is by the window. * The yellow bird sings sweetly in its cage by the window. Ex: Conservation laws protect wildlife. The laws are strong. They protect wildlife inside state parks. * Strong conservation laws protect wildlife inside state parks. 9 PREPOSITIONS (continued) PREPOSITION USAGE Beside / besides Between / among • Beside means “next to.” Ex: John stood beside Tom in the line. • Besides means “also” or “in addition to.” Ex: Who besides you will help? • Use between when you are thinking of two things. Ex: In English Marc sits between Bob and me. Some players practice between innings. (Practice occurs between any two of the innings.) Next year we will study the War Between the States. (Although thirty-five states were involved, the war was between two sides.) • Use among when you are thinking of three or more. Ex: There are disagreements among the players about the coach’s decision. We saved twenty dollars among the three of us. From • Say different from , NOT “different than.” Ex: Your ideas are different from mine. In / into • • Into means “motion from one place to another.” In means “motion within something.” Ex: My hat fell into the water. Don was swimming in the water. Of • DO NOT use of as a verb. Use have. Ex: Sally could have played the piano for the reception. Sally could of played the piano for the reception. • DO NOT use of with prepositions such as inside, off, and outside. Ex: He walked off the stage. He walked off of the stage. She waited outside the school. She waited outside of the school. What is inside this large box? What is inside of this large box? Avoid unnecessary prepositions such as up, at, to, and of. Add these figures. Where does he live? Where has he gone? Jump off the wall. 10 Add up these figures. Where does he live at? Where has he gone to? Jump off of the wall. Definition • ADJECTIVES modify (describe) a noun or pronoun Questions • which one? Ex: this town • what kind? Ex: expensive shoes • how many? Ex: fifteen books • formed from proper nouns • Ex: Canadian trapper proper nouns used as adjectives • Ex: Toronto banker always capitalized Proper adjectives those trees mysterious houses some lettuce Articles • • • * REMEMBER * The part of speech a word is depends on its use in a sentence. the most frequently used adjectives a, an, the sometimes called noun determiners because they determine nouns will soon follow Ex: That is fine work. (pronoun) That bicycle belongs to James. (adjective) The purchase was finally made. (noun) The Joneses purchased a new car. (verb) Predicate adjective • • • no reply follows a linking verb modifies the subject may be compound PA Ex: This lesson seems easy to me. PA PA The golf course was long and complicated. Linking Verbs (MEMORIZE) am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been (8) look, sound, smell, taste, feel (5) grow, remain, appear, seem, stay, turn, become (7) ADVERBS 11 Definition • modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. v adv Ex: The dog barked fiercely. adv adj A very tall man walked into the room v adv adv They arrived too soon. • most often modify verbs. • modify entire verb if there is a verb phrase. v v adv Ex. John was running home. Questions Common adverbs • when? Ex: Jane is now leaving. • where? Ex: The boys should sit here. • how? Ex: A couple wildly danced at the prom. • how much? Ex: Joe was very late. when yesterday where high how well how much really today away skillfully very once backward swiftly quite soon here cautiously rather often there softly too always unusually now never Adjective or Adverb ? • • Many adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjectives. adjectives: real sure quick soft solemn adverbs: really surely quickly softly solemnly Some words are used either as an adjective or an adverb. adj n Ex: She is a hard worker. v adv She works hard. Comparisons of modifiers MODIFIERS Degrees of comparison 12 1. Positive - no comparison Ex: The box is heavy. The boy spoke clearly. 2. Comparative - two things compared (use - er or more) Ex: The box was heavier than the sack. Hazel spoke more clearly than Alice. 3. Superlative - three or more things compared (use - est or most) Ex: The box was the heaviest container. Hazel spoke the most clearly of all students in class. 4. No comparison - absolutes Ex: fatal, excellent, final, perfect, unique, empty Irregular comparisons *Some adjectives and adverbs don’t follow the above rules: comparative better worse better more more less positive good bad well many much little superlative best worst best most most least MODIFIERS (continued) COMMON ERRORS Double comparison • Do not use a suffix (er, est) and more/most for the same comparison 13 Ex: This is the most heaviest box. beautiful My sister is more beautifuller each day. Incorrect degree • • Use comparative (er, more) for 2 Use superlative (est, most) for 3 or more Ex: Of the two boys, John is ( taller, tallest ). (2) Jupiter is the ( larger, largest ) of all the planets. (3+) this - that these - those • • this - that these - those singular plural kind - sort kinds - sorts Ex: ( This, These ) kind of tomatoes tastes really good. (That, Those ) kinds of candy are appropriate for Christmas. Unnecessary here or there • Do not use here or there after this, that, these, or those. Ex: Do NOT use them as a modifier • ( This, This here ) answer is right. Use these or those instead of them. Ex: I saw ( them, those ) books on the shelf. 14 any / any other • MODIFIERS (continued) When comparing persons or things in the same group, do not omit the word other. Ex: He is brighter than any other boy in class. a / an • • Use a before consonants, an before vowels or vowel sounds. Do not use a or an after kind of or sort of Ex: I like that kind of painting for our living room. good / well • • • Other problem modifiers Double negatives good = adjective well = adjective when relating to health well = adverb Adverb badly surely really certainly almost Adjective bad sure real certain most ∗ The “ly” words are usually (not always) adverbs. • Definition- Two negative words to express one negative idea • Never use double negatives! • Negative words: barely hardly scarcely nowhere Ex: I haven’t no money. I have no money. I haven’t any money. PRONOUNS 15 neither never no nothing nobody none no one not (n’t) PRONOUNS Definition • word used in place of a noun Antecedent • the noun or pronoun a pronoun refers to Personal pronouns • • refer chiefly to people or persons have person and number Singular Interrogative pronouns Demonstrative pronouns First Person I, me my, mine, myself we, us, our, ours, ourselves Second Person you your, yours, yourself you, your, yours, yourselves Third Person he, him, his, himself, she, her, hers, herself it, its, itself they, them, their, theirs, themselves • ask questions a. who b. whom c. whose d. which e. what • point out a. this b. that c. these d. those PRONOUNS (continued) Indefinite Pronouns Plural • refer to no special person or thing 16 Singular • • • Plural Singular/Plural Possessive Pronouns Relative Pronouns requires a singular verb when used as an antecedent, it requires a singular noun or pronoun to refer to it. S S Ex. Everyone wants his/her own pencil to use. words ending in one, thing, or body are singular. another everybody nothing anybody everyone one anyone everything other anything much somebody each nobody someone either no one something • • requires a plural verb both few many others • • can be either singular or plural depending upon use in a sentence Ex: All of my work is finished. (singular) All of the people are busy. (plural) all most any more much none some • show ownership ( possession) several First Person Singular my, mine Plural our, ours Second Person your, yours their, theirs Third Person his, her, hers, its their, theirs • • introduce adjective clauses who whom whose which that Ex. The runner who finished first is from Chicago. 17 NOMINATIVE CASE 1. Subject (S) • • • USES OF PRONOUNS 1 Person . . . . . I, we 2nd Person . . . . you 3rd Person . . . . . he, she, it, they, who • names the person, thing, or idea spoken of st S Ex: We are busy. 2. Predicate nominative (PN) • follows a linking verb and renames the subject PN PN Ex: The winners of the game are he and she. 3. Subject of the verb (S-V) understood • occurs only when making comparisons Ex: Sally is better at spelling than he. (is) No one was as happy as we. (were) 4. Appositive (App) • a pronoun that stands next to another noun or pronoun and means the same person or thing S App App Ex: The winners, he and she, are tall. OBJECTIVE CASE 1. Direct object (DO) • • • 1st Person . . . . . me, us 2nd Person . . . . . you 3rd Person . . . . . him, her, it, them, whom • follows an action verb and receives the action performed by the subject DO Ex: The postman saw them yesterday while delivering mail. 2. Indirect object (IO) • receives the direct object * remember sentence pattern S + V + IO + DO IO DO Ex: Dad gave us a ride to school. 3. Object of the preposition (OP) • follows a preposition OP Ex: Several people talked (to him) after the concert. 4. Appositive (App) • Appositives are the same case as the nouns or pronouns they stand next to DO App App Ex: The judge announced the winners, her and him. POSSESSIVE CASE (See Possessive Pronouns on page 4) 18 CONJUNCTIONS Definition a word used to join words or groups of words Coordinating Conjunction • • connects words or groups of words used in the same way common coordinating conjunctions for and nor but or yet so Correlative Conjunction • • pairs of conjunctions that connect words used in the same way common correlative conjunctions both . . . . . . . and not only . . . . but also either . . . . . . or neither . . . . . nor whether . . . . or Subordinating Conjunction • a word that shows the relationship between an adverb clause and the word/s that the clause modifies. introduces an adverb clause common subordinating conjunctions after since although so that as than as if though as long as unless as soon as until as though when because whenever before where if wherever in order that while • • INTERJECTIONS Definition • • • a word used to express emotion does not have a grammatical relationship to other words in the sentence common interjections: Oh Wow Well Hurray Yes No 19 CLAUSES Definition • a group of words that contains a verb and its subject and is used as part of a sentence. • expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence KINDS OF CLAUSES A. Independent clause (main clause) *Independent clauses are sentences when they stand alone. *They are called independent clauses only when they are part of a sentence. Ex: Since it was by mother’s birthday, I baked her a cake. The place which is far away can be reached by car in a day. B. Dependent clause (subordinate clause) • does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone *It still has a subject and a verb though. Ex: Since it was mother’s birthday, I baked her a cake. 20 KINDS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES Adjective Clause Definition • • A subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. Relative pronouns introduce adjective clauses. Learn them! who whom whose which that *Note: When and where may begin adjective clauses. Ex: Tomorrow is the day when we will move. This is the place where I live. • An adjective clause like an adjective prepositional phrase modifies the word directly in front of it. Ex: A child whose hair stands on end is frightened. You are the one who was elected. • Remember adjective question: which one, what kind, and how many • Adjective clauses sometimes start with a preposition Ex: The girl to whom you spoke is listening well. Adverb Clause Definition • a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. • subordinate conjunctions introduce adverb clauses. Learn them! after because though although before unless as if until as if in order that when as long as since whenever as soon as so that where as though than wherever while Ex: My little brother cries because I do not always take him along. • a comma is used after an adverb clause that begins a sentence (called an introductory dependent clause) Ex: Whenever I see a skyscraper, I am impressed. 21 PUNCTUATION COMMA 1. Direct Address • • speaking to someone and using his/her name use comma/commas to set off the name Ex: Bill, did you go to the store for Mom? Can you tell me, young man, how to get to the airport? Well, Sue, you seem fine today. 2. Appositive • • 3. Interrupter • • • a noun or pronoun that is next to another noun or pronoun and is the same person(s) or thing(s) use comma(s) to set off appositives not needed Ex: Mr. Greene, the assistant principal, sent for you. My brother Steve won a scholarship to the college of his choice. (no comma because it tells which brother) words inserted but not really needed comes in the middle of sentence common interrupters in fact of course for instance however for example by the way in my opinion I think if you ask me I know Ex: Aluminum, however, is an extraordinarily light metal. Jim, I think, is the best candidate for the job. 4. Introductory word or phrase • • • come at the beginning of sentences words such as yes, no, oh, well beginning prepositional phrase(s) (formal grammar states the prep. phrase needs four or more words) beginning participial phrase Ex: Yes, I finished reading the book last week. In ancient Egyptian stories, birds are larger than animals. Seeing itself in the mirror, the duck seemed bewildered. 22 PUNCTUATION (continued) 5. Direct Quotation • the comma separates exact words of speaker from the rest of the sentence Ex: Mother said, “Please do the dishes before you go.” “My way of joking,” George Bernard Shaw said, “is to tell the truth.” 6. Address • needs at least 2 parts *house number and street address = 1 part (no comma between) Ex: 502 6th St. E. *state and zip code = 1 part (no comma between) Ex: ND 58078 • if more words (in the sentence) follow an address of at least 2 parts, a comma must follow the last part Ex: Death Valley, California 48321, has an annual rainfall of an inch and a half. Ex: Sent my mail to 1450 Worthington Blvd., Gary, Indiana 89506, from now on. 7. Date • needs at least 2 parts * month and day = 1 part (no comma between) Ex: Jan. 2 * month and year = 1 part (no comma between) Ex: January 1999 * if more words (in the sentence) follow a date of at least 2 parts, a comma must follow the last part Ex: Buffalo Bill was born February 1846 in Iowa. The pony express was a mail service established on April 3, 1890, in Missouri. 8. Items in a series • need 3 or more items separated by commas 23 • put a comma after the last item before the conjunction Ex: Next year you will study French, geography, English, and algebra. 9. Adjectives preceding a noun • need 2 or more adjectives preceding the noun Ex: The early rancher depended on the small, tough, sure-footed mustang. • when last adjective is so closely connected to the noun that they seem to form one expression, do not use a comma before it Ex: Training a frisky colt to be a gentle, dependable riding horse takes patience. 10. Compound sentences • put a comma before the conjunction in a compound sentence Ex: The whistle blew shrilly, and the game began. 11. Introductory dependent clause • put a comma after a beginning dependent clause in a complex sentence Ex: After the bell rang, the room grew quiet. While you were shopping, I baked a cake. QUOTATION MARKS • around exact words of speaker Ex: “My aunt,” said Grace, “sent me this watch.” • around titles of short stories, articles, songs, poems, themes, and chapter titles * Hint: Things that are short (poems) or part of a whole (magazine article) PUNCTUATION (continued) UNDERLINE (italics on a computer) • titles of books, newspapers, movies, plays, works of art, airplanes, trains, and ships 24 * Hint: things that are long (movies) or complete (magazines) Ex: The Mayflower arrived on American shores in 1620. (handwritten) The Mayflower arrived on American shores in 1620. (on the computer) SEMICOLON ( ; ) • between independent clauses if they are not joined by a conjunction Ex: Mary decided not to go to the game; she stayed home and read. COLON ( : ) • time in figures Ex: Be there at 8:30 A.M. please. • before a list of items, especially after expressions like as follows or the following * Hint: rarely after a verb and never after a preposition Ex: Equipment for camping is as follows: tent, food, clothing, and a flashlight. • after the salutation of a business letter Ex: Dear Mr. Smith: 25 PUNCTUATION (continued) APOSTROPHE • • QUESTION MARKS/ EXCLAMATION MARKS (with direct quotations) HYPHEN ( - ) contractions Ex: don’t I’ll o’clock plurals of numbers, signs, and letters Ex: 10’s a’s *’s +’s it’s d’s 7’s • to show omission of numbers in a date Ex: The flood of ’97 was devastating to many people. • possessives -- show ownership - singular noun always add ’s Ex: baby’s man’s - plural noun not ending in s always add ’s Ex: men’s children’s - plural noun ending in s add ’ Ex: books’ shelves’ • if inside the quotation marks is a question/exclamation, put the question mark/exclamation mark inside the quotation marks. Ex: “What was the answer to the question?” asked Joan. The little boy exclaimed, “I did it!” • if the question/exclamation is outside the quotation marks, the question mark/exclamation mark goes outside the quotation marks. Ex: Did you answer the question by saying, “a noun”? Why did you say, “Go to the store”? I never again want to hear, “Mary Had a Little Lamb”! • divide a word at the end of a line (only between syllables) a single letter must not be left at the end of a line • numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and fractions (one-third) • join two or more words that function as adjectives Ex: He is a happy-go-lucky person. Diagramming 26 Subjects and Verbs • Simple subject and verb 1. The water in the pond freezes solid in the winter. water freezes 2. Have you been studying? you Have been studying • Understood subjects 1. Listen carefully to the directions. (you) • Compound subjects 1. Bob and Jane left for the movie. Bob Jane • Listen . . . . . left Compound verbs 1. Bob crumpled the paper and threw it away. . . . . . Bob • crumpled threw Compound subjects and verbs 1. The boys and their fathers bought a camper and left for the lake. boys fathers . . . . . . . . . . bought left DIAGRAMMING (continued) 27 Adjectives • Single 1. The sleek black cat is howling. cat • is howling Compound 1. The black and white dog yelped. dog yelped and Predicate Adjectives • Single predicate adjective 1. My dog was very hungry. dog was hungry • Compound predicate adjective 1. The ball is red, blue, and yellow. red . . ball is blue . . . yellow • Compound verb with predicate adjective after each 1. The cake looks good and seems moist. looks \ good cake . . . . . seems \ moist __________________________DIAGRAMMING_ (continued)______________________________ Adverbs • Adverb modifying verb 28 1. Yesterday we won easily. we • won Adverb modifying adjective 1. An extremely hard wind blew. wind • Adverb modifying adverb 1. The eagle flew almost too high. eagle Prepositional Phrases • blew flew Adjective phrases 1. Her shoes with the black bows were new. shoes were \ new 2. Paintings by famous artists from America were displayed. Paintings were displayed DIAGRAMMING (continued) • Adverb phrases 1. Jack went to the game with Dave and Ron. Jack went 29 . . . . . Dave Ron 2. On Friday we arrived at school after the first bell. we Predicate Nominatives arrived • Single predicate nominative PN 1. The author was Jack London. author was \ Jack London • Compound predicate nominatives PN PN 1. The main characters are Tom and Huck. . Tom . . characters are \ . . Direct objects Huck • Single direct object 1. The robins built a nest in our tree. robins built nest DIAGRAMMING (continued) • Compound direct object DO DO 1. The student council sold candy and pop at the dance. student council 30 sold . . . . . candy pop Indirect object • Single indirect object IO 1. The boy sent his mother flowers for her birthday. boy sent flowers • Compound indirect objects IO IO 1. The teacher gave Mary and Ernie passes to their next class. teacher gave passes Mary . . . . . Ernie Agreement: Subject and Verb Number • singular – refers to one person, place, or idea • plural – more than one person, place, thing, or idea Agreement • A verb must agree in number with its subject. 31 - singular subject, takes singular verb plural subject, takes plural verb Tip: In present tense, the verb with the “s” is singular Problems in Agreement phrase *Phrase/clauses between subject and verb The baying (of the hounds) was deafening. clause The movie director, [who is visiting our community,] is Steven Spielberg. *Compound subjects -And • Subjects joined by and take a plural verb. Jack and Diane always arrive on time. OR/NOR *Inverted sentences • • • • joining singular subjects use singular verb joining plural subjects use plural verb joining a singular and a plural subject-verb agrees with closer subject find the subject Here is next semester’s schedule. There are no excuses for careless work. *Contractions don’t and doesn’t • Don’t (plural-do) • Doesn’t (singular-does) He doesn’t know the difference. They don’t visit often. AGREEMENT:SUBJECT AND VERB (continued) Collective nouns • Singular when referring to group as a unit The band was marching in the parade. • Plural when referring to individual parts or members of group The band were putting away their instruments. Expressions of amount 32 • Singular when the amount is thought of as a unit • Plural when the amount is thought of as separate units Ten dollars was my weekly allowance last year. Ten dollars with consecutive numbers were lying on the counter. *Fractions / Percentages • • Singular when referring to a singular word Plural when referring to a plural word Two thirds of the student body was present on Friday. Thirty percent of the bread is moldy. Two thirds of the teachers were also in attendance. Thirty percent of the parents are in favor of more school days. *Some special nouns • Some nouns plural in form take singular verbs mumps measles economics • mathematics molasses physics summons genetics civics Some nouns plural in form that name a singular object take a plural verb binoculars scissors Olympics pants AGREEMENT: SUBJECT AND VERB (continued) *Titles • Title of creative works (books, songs, movies, etc.) take singular verbs • Names of a country, city, organization take singular verbs “Silver Bells” is a popular Christmas song. The Netherlands was where Anne Frank lived in hiding. *Predicate Nominatives 33 • A verb agrees with the subject but not necessarily with the predicate nominative pn The best time for an appointment is late weekday afternoons. pn Raisins are his favorite snack. *Indefinite Pronouns • Singular – need a singular verb anybody anyone anything each either • everybody everyone everything neither nobody no one nothing one somebody someone something Plural – need a plural verb both, few, many, several • Singular or plural depending on meaning all, any, more, most, none Pronoun / Antecedent Agreement Antecedent Agreement • the noun or pronoun to which a pronoun refers • A pronoun must agree in number and gender with its antecedent. Tom left his homework at home. The students were anxious before their test. Compound antecedents • Singular antecedents joined by or or nor use a singular pronoun 34 Neither Sam nor Tom could find his lunch ticket. • Antecedents joined by and use a plural verb Sam and Tom lost their tickets. Other antecedents • Refer to rules for subject-verb agreement. If a word requires a singular verb, it takes a singular pronoun to refer to it. 35