Download 1 RECOGNIZING THE SENTENCE Sentence Simple Subject

RECOGNIZING THE SENTENCE
Sentence
•
a group of words with a subject and verb that expresses a complete thought
Simple Subject
•
the person, place, thing, or idea spoken of
Complete Subject
• the subject and all words that modify it
* when an assignment refers to the subject, it means the simple subject
Verb
•
tells what the subject is or does
Complete Predicate
•
the verb and all words that modify it
Run-on
•
more than one sentence run together as one
Fragment
•
incomplete sentence (missing subject, verb, or complete thought)
Compound Subject
•
consists of more than one person, place, or thing connected with a
conjunction
Ex: Two crows and a bluejay are perched on an oak tree.
Compound Verb
•
consists of more than one verb connected with a conjunction
Ex: The ducks arrived in the evening and settled on the marshes.
* Both sentence parts may be compound.
Ex: Alice and June washed and dried the dishes.
Compound Sentence
•
two or more sentences connected with conjunction
Ex: Alice washed the dishes, but June dried them.
Conjunction
•
•
connecting word
the most common ones are
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and, or, but, nor
SENTENCES
KINDS OF SENTENCES
A. Declarative
•
makes a statement and ends with a period
Ex: The children are playing in the back yard.
B. Imperative
•
makes a command or request and ends with a period or exclamation mark
* Its subject is always (you) understood.
Ex: Put the flowers in the vase.
C. Interrogative
•
asks a question and ends with a question mark
Ex: Who will help with the decorations?
D. Exclamatory
•
shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation mar
* It often begins with a question word but does NOT ask a question.
Ex: What a wonderful contest!
ORDER OF SENTENCES
A. Natural
•
the subject comes before the verb
Ex: The truck raced around the corner.
B. Inverted
•
all or part of the verb comes before the subject
Ex: Around the corner raced the truck.
There are twelve boys in the class.
Did you go to the game last night?
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
A. Simple
•
has one independent clause
B. Compound
•
has at least two independent clauses
C. Complex
•
has one independent clause and at least one subordinate (dependent)
clause
D. Compound-Complex
•
contains at least two independent clauses (compound) and one dependent
clause (complex)
dep. clause
indep. clause
Ex: Because John was innocent, his lawyer insisted on justice,
indep. clause
and the case was resolved.
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NOUNS
Definition
•
a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea
Concrete noun
•
can be seen or touched
a. person, place, or thing
Ex: mouse, athlete, California, pencil
Abstract noun
•
can not actually be seen or touched
a. idea
Ex: courage, joy, fear, beauty, love
Common noun
•
names any person, place, thing, or idea (not a specific one)
Ex: street, dog, lake
Proper noun
•
names a particular person, place, thing, or idea (specific)
Ex: Lake Michigan, Fourth Avenue, Bill
Gerund
•
a verb form ending in ing used as a noun
Ex: Your snoring kept me awake.
I enjoy hiking in the woods on an autumn day.
* Remember: ing words need helpers in order to be verbs.
Ex: Dad is fishing on the lake.
Someone is really snoring.
Collective noun
•
•
names a group of persons or things
Ex: audience, choir, group, team, class
may be singular or plural
a. singular when the group is used as a whole
Ex: The choir is singing the first song.
b. plural when the members are thought of separately
Ex: The choir are arranging their music.
Compound noun
•
consists of two or more words
Ex: football, mother-of-pearl, high school
*Remember: proper nouns are often compound.
Ex: West Fargo Middle School
United States of America
Sally Jean Peterson
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1. Subject
(S)
•
USES OF NOUNS
names the person, place, thing, or idea spoken of
S
Ex: The baby sparrow topples from the limb of the tree.
2. Predicate nominative
(PN)
•
follows a linking verb and renames the subject
LV
PN
Ex: The highest mountain was the peak in the middle.
3. Object of the preposition •
(OP)
completes the prepositional phrase
OP
OP
Ex: The entrance(to the cave)was blocked(by a stone).
4. Direct object
(DO)
•
•
comes after an action verb and receives the action performed by the subject
answers the question “whom?” or “what?” after the action verb
AV
DO
Ex: Jack hit the ball over the fence.
AV
DO
AV DO
The girls made fudge and sold it.
5. Indirect object
(IO)
•
•
answers the question “to whom?” or “for whom?” after the verb
receives the direct object
* take note of the position of the indirect object in the sentence.
(S + V + IO + DO)
IO
DO
Ex: Sam sold Ed his bicycle.
IO
IO
DO
Mother bought Bill and Ted two pairs of shoes.
6. Appositive
(App)
•
stands next to another noun or pronoun and is the same person or thing
App
Ex: Mr. Sharp, a mechanic, is a very busy man.
App
App
Jack, your brother, and Charles, my cousin, won prizes at
the science fair.
App
The last item on the list, the tent, goes into the trunk first.
7. Direct address
(DA)
•
a name used in speaking directly to a person
DA
Ex: Sara, where are you?
8. Possessive
(Poss)
•
shows ownership
Ex: Last evening the moon’s glare was blinding.
Last week's vacation was very delightful.
9. Subject of verb
understood
(S-V)
•
•
used only in a comparison
last word in the sentence (last person or thing being compared)
S-V
Ex: Sam’s bike has more gears than Joe’s bike. (has)
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•
VERBS
A word or a group of words that expresses action or otherwise helps to
make a statement.
1. Action verbs
•
•
PHYSICAL ACTION - jump, shout, search, run
MENTAL ACTION - worry, think, believe, imagine
2. Linking verbs
•
Connect (link) the subject with a noun, pronoun, or adjective in the
predicate
Ex: The sky was clear. (PA)
George became a lawyer. (PN)
•
*Memorize these linking verbs.
Definition
KINDS OF VERBS
“being” verbs
am
is
are
was
were
be
being
been
•
5sense words GRASS TB
look
grow
smell
remain
taste
appear
sound
stay
feel
seem
turn
become
Some verbs can be either action or linking, depending on how they are used
in a sentence.
Ex: I tasted the dandelion salad. (Action verb)
It tasted bitter. (Linking verb)
3. Being verbs
•
•
Simply show state of being
*Memorize the 8 being verbs.
am
was
is
were
are
be
being
been
Ex: The boy was here before he left.
Don has been away this week.
Mary is on her way.
The presents are under the tree.
4. Auxiliary verbs
(helping) verbs
•
•
•
MAIN VERB - a one-word verb
AUXILIARY VERBS - the other verbs that help the main verb
VERB PHRASE - a main verb and one or more auxiliary (helping) verbs
- can be two, three, or four words
•
*Memorize the auxiliary verbs
be
were
am
been
is
has
are
have
was
had
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do
does
did
can
could
shall
should
willbeing
would
must
may
might
VERBS (continued)
Transitive verbs have voice
A. Active voice
•
The subject “performs” the action. ( S - Doer )
D
R
Ex: Kevin read these books.
R
Electric motors run high-speed trains.
B. Passive voice
•
The subject receives the action. (S = Receiver )
R
D
Ex: These books were read by Kevin.
D
High speed trains are run by electric motors.
Using Active/Passive voice
•
Active voice makes writing stronger and more interesting.
It emphasizes the action.
Ex: Alvin took his picture. (active)
This picture was taken by Alvin. (passive)
•
Passive voice is used to emphasize the receiver of an action or to show or
suggest the doer of the action is unknown.
Ex: The files were destroyed by the fire.
This piano was tuned well.
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PREPOSITIONS
Definition
•
•
are used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word
in the sentence.
are always part of a phrase.
Prepositional phrase
•
is a group of words beginning with a preposition and completed by a noun
or pronoun.
Object of the preposition
(op)
•
is a noun or pronoun that completes the prepositional phrase.
prep
Ex:
op
The package under the tree is mine.
prep
op
The cat with the pink collar is sleeping.
Common prepositions
about
above
across
after
against
along
among
around
at
before
behind
below
Compound prepositions
according to
because of
instead of
out of
beneath
beside
besides
between
beyond
but (except)
by
concerning
down
during
except
for
from
in
inside
into
like
near
of
off
on
out
outside
over
past
since
through
to
toward
under
until
up
upon
with
within
without
aside from
in addition to
on account of
[
prep
]
as well as
in front of
on top of
op
Ex: According to the news, there were thirty homes destroyed.
[
prep
]
op
She was home on account of the strike.
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PREPOSITIONS (continued)
Adverb or Preposition?
•
•
The same word can be either a preposition or adverb.
A preposition must be followed by an object.
Ex: The plane circled above. (adv)
The plane circled (above the field.) (prep)
Can you come over to my house? (adv)
We saw the eagle fly(over the treetops.) (prep)
Prepositional Phrases
(As modifiers)
•
When prepositional phrases modify nouns or pronouns, they are called
adjective phrases. They answer which?
what kind?
how many?
op
Ex: The sound (of the trumpet) filled the hall.
op
op
Will you play one (of the songs) (in this book)?
•
When they modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs, they are called adverb
phrases. They answer
how?
when?
where?
how much?
v
op
Ex: The team ran (around the field).
adj
op
Your are quite skillful (at that game).
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•
Misplaced prepositional
phrases (modifiers)
PREPOSITIONS (continued)
Place prepositional phrases as close as possible to words they modify.
A. People were talking about dogs in the dining room.
* Were the dogs or the people in the dining room?
Look what happens to the prepositional phrase.
B. People in the dining room were talking about dogs. (adj)
C. In the dining room, people were talking about dogs. (adv)
D. People were talking in the dining room about dogs. (adv)
SENTENCE COMBINING
•
Combine short, related sentences by inserting adjectives, adverbs, or
prepositional phrases.
Ex: The bird sings in the cage.
The bird is yellow.
It sings sweetly.
The cage is by the window.
* The yellow bird sings sweetly in its cage by the window.
Ex: Conservation laws protect wildlife.
The laws are strong.
They protect wildlife inside state parks.
* Strong conservation laws protect wildlife inside state parks.
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PREPOSITIONS (continued)
PREPOSITION USAGE
Beside / besides
Between / among
•
Beside means “next to.”
Ex: John stood beside Tom in the line.
•
Besides means “also” or “in addition to.”
Ex: Who besides you will help?
•
Use between when you are thinking of two things.
Ex:
In English Marc sits between Bob and me.
Some players practice between innings.
(Practice occurs between any two of the innings.)
Next year we will study the War Between the States.
(Although thirty-five states were involved, the war was
between two sides.)
•
Use among when you are thinking of three or more.
Ex: There are disagreements among the players about the
coach’s decision.
We saved twenty dollars among the three of us.
From
•
Say different from , NOT “different than.”
Ex: Your ideas are different from mine.
In / into
•
•
Into means “motion from one place to another.”
In means “motion within something.”
Ex: My hat fell into the water.
Don was swimming in the water.
Of
•
DO NOT use of as a verb. Use have.
Ex: Sally could have played the piano for the reception.
Sally could of played the piano for the reception.
•
DO NOT use of with prepositions such as inside, off, and outside.
Ex: He walked off the stage.
He walked off of the stage.
She waited outside the school.
She waited outside of the school.
What is inside this large box?
What is inside of this large box?
Avoid unnecessary
prepositions such as
up, at, to, and of.
Add these figures.
Where does he live?
Where has he gone?
Jump off the wall.
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Add up these figures.
Where does he live at?
Where has he gone to?
Jump off of the wall.
Definition
•
ADJECTIVES
modify (describe) a noun or pronoun
Questions
•
which one?
Ex: this town
•
what kind?
Ex: expensive shoes
•
how many?
Ex: fifteen books
•
formed from proper nouns
•
Ex: Canadian trapper
proper nouns used as adjectives
•
Ex: Toronto banker
always capitalized
Proper adjectives
those trees
mysterious houses
some lettuce
Articles
•
•
•
* REMEMBER
* The part of speech a word is depends on its use in a sentence.
the most frequently used adjectives
a, an, the
sometimes called noun determiners because they determine nouns will soon
follow
Ex: That is fine work. (pronoun)
That bicycle belongs to James. (adjective)
The purchase was finally made.
(noun)
The Joneses purchased a new car. (verb)
Predicate adjective
•
•
•
no reply
follows a linking verb
modifies the subject
may be compound
PA
Ex:
This lesson seems easy to me.
PA
PA
The golf course was long and complicated.
Linking Verbs
(MEMORIZE)
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
(8)
look, sound, smell, taste, feel
(5)
grow, remain, appear, seem, stay, turn, become (7)
ADVERBS
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Definition
•
modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
v
adv
Ex: The dog barked fiercely.
adv
adj
A very tall man walked into the room
v
adv
adv
They arrived too soon.
•
most often modify verbs.
•
modify entire verb if there is a verb phrase.
v
v
adv
Ex. John was running home.
Questions
Common adverbs
•
when?
Ex: Jane is now leaving.
•
where?
Ex: The boys should sit here.
•
how?
Ex: A couple wildly danced at the prom.
•
how much?
Ex: Joe was very late.
when
yesterday
where
high
how
well
how much
really
today
away
skillfully
very
once
backward
swiftly
quite
soon
here
cautiously
rather
often
there
softly
too
always
unusually
now
never
Adjective or Adverb ?
•
•
Many adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjectives.
adjectives: real
sure
quick
soft
solemn
adverbs:
really surely
quickly softly solemnly
Some words are used either as an adjective or an adverb.
adj
n
Ex: She is a hard worker.
v
adv
She works hard.
Comparisons of modifiers
MODIFIERS
Degrees of comparison
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1. Positive - no comparison
Ex: The box is heavy.
The boy spoke clearly.
2. Comparative - two things compared
(use - er or more)
Ex: The box was heavier than the sack.
Hazel spoke more clearly than Alice.
3. Superlative - three or more things compared
(use - est or most)
Ex: The box was the heaviest container.
Hazel spoke the most clearly of all students in class.
4. No comparison - absolutes
Ex: fatal, excellent, final, perfect, unique, empty
Irregular comparisons
*Some adjectives and adverbs don’t follow the above rules:
comparative
better
worse
better
more
more
less
positive
good
bad
well
many
much
little
superlative
best
worst
best
most
most
least
MODIFIERS (continued)
COMMON ERRORS
Double comparison
•
Do not use a suffix (er, est) and more/most for the same comparison
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Ex: This is the most heaviest box.
beautiful
My sister is more beautifuller each day.
Incorrect degree
•
•
Use comparative (er, more) for 2
Use superlative (est, most) for 3 or more
Ex: Of the two boys, John is ( taller, tallest ). (2)
Jupiter is the ( larger, largest ) of all the planets. (3+)
this - that
these - those
•
•
this - that
these - those
singular
plural
kind - sort
kinds - sorts
Ex: ( This, These ) kind of tomatoes tastes really good.
(That, Those ) kinds of candy are appropriate for Christmas.
Unnecessary here or there
•
Do not use here or there after this, that, these, or those.
Ex:
Do NOT use them as a
modifier
•
( This, This here ) answer is right.
Use these or those instead of them.
Ex: I saw ( them, those ) books on the shelf.
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any / any other
•
MODIFIERS (continued)
When comparing persons or things in the same group, do not omit the word
other.
Ex: He is brighter than any other boy in class.
a / an
•
•
Use a before consonants, an before vowels or vowel sounds.
Do not use a or an after kind of or sort of
Ex: I like that kind of painting for our living room.
good / well
•
•
•
Other problem modifiers
Double negatives
good = adjective
well = adjective when relating to health
well = adverb
Adverb
badly
surely
really
certainly
almost
Adjective
bad
sure
real
certain
most
∗
The “ly” words are usually (not always) adverbs.
•
Definition- Two negative words to express one negative idea
•
Never use double negatives!
•
Negative words: barely
hardly
scarcely
nowhere
Ex:
I haven’t no money.
I have no money.
I haven’t any money.
PRONOUNS
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neither
never
no
nothing
nobody
none
no one
not (n’t)
PRONOUNS
Definition
•
word used in place of a noun
Antecedent
•
the noun or pronoun a pronoun refers to
Personal pronouns
•
•
refer chiefly to people or persons
have person and number
Singular
Interrogative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns
First Person
I, me
my, mine, myself
we, us,
our, ours, ourselves
Second Person
you
your, yours, yourself
you,
your, yours, yourselves
Third Person
he, him, his, himself,
she, her, hers, herself
it, its, itself
they, them,
their, theirs, themselves
•
ask questions
a. who
b. whom
c. whose
d. which
e. what
•
point out
a. this
b. that
c. these
d. those
PRONOUNS (continued)
Indefinite Pronouns
Plural
•
refer to no special person or thing
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Singular
•
•
•
Plural
Singular/Plural
Possessive Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
requires a singular verb
when used as an antecedent, it requires a singular noun or pronoun to refer
to it.
S
S
Ex. Everyone wants his/her own pencil to use.
words ending in one, thing, or body are singular.
another
everybody
nothing
anybody
everyone
one
anyone
everything
other
anything
much
somebody
each
nobody
someone
either
no one
something
•
•
requires a plural verb
both few
many others
•
•
can be either singular or plural depending upon use in a sentence
Ex: All of my work is finished. (singular)
All of the people are busy. (plural)
all most any more much none some
•
show ownership ( possession)
several
First Person
Singular
my, mine
Plural
our, ours
Second Person
your, yours
their, theirs
Third Person
his, her, hers, its
their, theirs
•
•
introduce adjective clauses
who whom whose which
that
Ex. The runner who finished first is from Chicago.
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NOMINATIVE CASE
1. Subject
(S)
•
•
•
USES OF PRONOUNS
1 Person . . . . . I, we
2nd Person . . . . you
3rd Person . . . . . he, she, it, they, who
•
names the person, thing, or idea spoken of
st
S
Ex: We are busy.
2. Predicate nominative
(PN)
•
follows a linking verb and renames the subject
PN
PN
Ex: The winners of the game are he and she.
3. Subject of the verb
(S-V) understood
•
occurs only when making comparisons
Ex: Sally is better at spelling than he. (is)
No one was as happy as we. (were)
4. Appositive
(App)
•
a pronoun that stands next to another noun or pronoun and means the same
person or thing
S
App
App
Ex: The winners, he and she, are tall.
OBJECTIVE CASE
1. Direct object
(DO)
•
•
•
1st Person . . . . . me, us
2nd Person . . . . . you
3rd Person . . . . . him, her, it, them, whom
•
follows an action verb and receives the action performed by the subject
DO
Ex: The postman saw them yesterday while delivering mail.
2. Indirect object
(IO)
•
receives the direct object
* remember sentence pattern S + V + IO + DO
IO
DO
Ex: Dad gave us a ride to school.
3. Object of the preposition
(OP)
•
follows a preposition
OP
Ex: Several people talked (to him) after the concert.
4. Appositive
(App)
•
Appositives are the same case as the nouns or pronouns they stand next to
DO
App
App
Ex: The judge announced the winners, her and him.
POSSESSIVE CASE
(See Possessive Pronouns on page 4)
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CONJUNCTIONS
Definition
a word used to join words or groups of words
Coordinating Conjunction
•
•
connects words or groups of words used in the same way
common coordinating conjunctions
for
and
nor
but
or
yet
so
Correlative Conjunction
•
•
pairs of conjunctions that connect words used in the same way
common correlative conjunctions
both . . . . . . . and
not only . . . . but also
either . . . . . . or
neither . . . . . nor
whether . . . . or
Subordinating Conjunction
•
a word that shows the relationship between an adverb clause and the word/s
that the clause modifies.
introduces an adverb clause
common subordinating conjunctions
after
since
although
so that
as
than
as if
though
as long as
unless
as soon as
until
as though
when
because
whenever
before
where
if
wherever
in order that
while
•
•
INTERJECTIONS
Definition
•
•
•
a word used to express emotion
does not have a grammatical relationship to other words in the sentence
common interjections:
Oh
Wow
Well
Hurray
Yes
No
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CLAUSES
Definition
•
a group of words that contains a verb and its subject and is used as part
of a sentence.
•
expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence
KINDS OF CLAUSES
A. Independent clause
(main clause)
*Independent clauses are sentences when they stand alone.
*They are called independent clauses only when they are part of a
sentence.
Ex: Since it was by mother’s birthday, I baked her a cake.
The place which is far away can be reached by car in a day.
B. Dependent clause
(subordinate clause)
•
does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone
*It still has a subject and a verb though.
Ex: Since it was mother’s birthday, I baked her a cake.
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KINDS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES
Adjective Clause
Definition
•
•
A subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun.
Relative pronouns introduce adjective clauses. Learn them!
who
whom
whose
which
that
*Note: When and where may begin adjective clauses.
Ex: Tomorrow is the day when we will move.
This is the place where I live.
•
An adjective clause like an adjective prepositional phrase modifies the word
directly in front of it.
Ex: A child whose hair stands on end is frightened.
You are the one who was elected.
•
Remember adjective question: which one, what kind, and how many
•
Adjective clauses sometimes start with a preposition
Ex: The girl to whom you spoke is listening well.
Adverb Clause
Definition
•
a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
•
subordinate conjunctions introduce adverb clauses. Learn them!
after
because
though
although
before
unless
as
if
until
as if
in order that
when
as long as
since
whenever
as soon as
so that
where
as though
than
wherever
while
Ex: My little brother cries because I do not always take him
along.
•
a comma is used after an adverb clause that begins a sentence
(called an introductory dependent clause)
Ex: Whenever I see a skyscraper, I am impressed.
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PUNCTUATION
COMMA
1. Direct Address
•
•
speaking to someone and using his/her name
use comma/commas to set off the name
Ex: Bill, did you go to the store for Mom?
Can you tell me, young man, how to get to the airport?
Well, Sue, you seem fine today.
2. Appositive
•
•
3. Interrupter
•
•
•
a noun or pronoun that is next to another noun or pronoun and is the same
person(s) or thing(s)
use comma(s) to set off appositives not needed
Ex: Mr. Greene, the assistant principal, sent for you.
My brother Steve won a scholarship to the college of his
choice. (no comma because it tells which brother)
words inserted but not really needed
comes in the middle of sentence
common interrupters
in fact
of course
for instance
however
for example
by the way
in my opinion
I think
if you ask me
I know
Ex: Aluminum, however, is an extraordinarily light metal.
Jim, I think, is the best candidate for the job.
4. Introductory word or
phrase
•
•
•
come at the beginning of sentences
words such as yes, no, oh, well
beginning prepositional phrase(s)
(formal grammar states the prep. phrase needs four or more words)
beginning participial phrase
Ex: Yes, I finished reading the book last week.
In ancient Egyptian stories, birds are larger than animals.
Seeing itself in the mirror, the duck seemed bewildered.
22
PUNCTUATION (continued)
5. Direct Quotation
•
the comma separates exact words of speaker from the rest of the sentence
Ex: Mother said, “Please do the dishes before you go.”
“My way of joking,” George Bernard Shaw said, “is to
tell the truth.”
6. Address
•
needs at least 2 parts
*house number and street address = 1 part (no comma between)
Ex: 502 6th St. E.
*state and zip code = 1 part (no comma between)
Ex: ND 58078
•
if more words (in the sentence) follow an address of at least 2 parts, a comma
must follow the last part
Ex: Death Valley, California 48321, has an annual rainfall of
an inch and a half.
Ex: Sent my mail to 1450 Worthington Blvd., Gary, Indiana
89506, from now on.
7. Date
•
needs at least 2 parts
* month and day = 1 part (no comma between)
Ex: Jan. 2
* month and year = 1 part (no comma between)
Ex: January 1999
* if more words (in the sentence) follow a date of at least 2 parts, a
comma must follow the last part
Ex: Buffalo Bill was born February 1846 in Iowa.
The pony express was a mail service established on April 3,
1890, in Missouri.
8. Items in a series
•
need 3 or more items separated by commas
23
•
put a comma after the last item before the conjunction
Ex: Next year you will study French, geography, English, and
algebra.
9. Adjectives preceding a
noun
•
need 2 or more adjectives preceding the noun
Ex: The early rancher depended on the small, tough, sure-footed
mustang.
•
when last adjective is so closely connected to the noun that they seem to
form one expression, do not use a comma before it
Ex: Training a frisky colt to be a gentle, dependable riding horse
takes patience.
10. Compound sentences
•
put a comma before the conjunction in a compound sentence
Ex: The whistle blew shrilly, and the game began.
11. Introductory dependent
clause
•
put a comma after a beginning dependent clause in a complex sentence
Ex: After the bell rang, the room grew quiet.
While you were shopping, I baked a cake.
QUOTATION MARKS
•
around exact words of speaker
Ex: “My aunt,” said Grace, “sent me this watch.”
•
around titles of short stories, articles, songs, poems, themes, and chapter
titles
* Hint: Things that are short (poems) or part of a whole (magazine article)
PUNCTUATION (continued)
UNDERLINE
(italics on a computer)
•
titles of books, newspapers, movies, plays, works of art, airplanes, trains,
and ships
24
* Hint: things that are long (movies) or complete (magazines)
Ex: The Mayflower arrived on American shores in 1620.
(handwritten)
The Mayflower arrived on American shores in 1620.
(on the computer)
SEMICOLON ( ; )
•
between independent clauses if they are not joined by a conjunction
Ex: Mary decided not to go to the game; she stayed home
and read.
COLON ( : )
•
time in figures
Ex: Be there at 8:30 A.M. please.
•
before a list of items, especially after expressions like as follows or
the following
* Hint: rarely after a verb and never after a preposition
Ex: Equipment for camping is as follows: tent, food, clothing,
and a flashlight.
•
after the salutation of a business letter
Ex: Dear Mr. Smith:
25
PUNCTUATION (continued)
APOSTROPHE
•
•
QUESTION MARKS/
EXCLAMATION MARKS
(with direct quotations)
HYPHEN ( - )
contractions
Ex: don’t
I’ll
o’clock
plurals of numbers, signs, and letters
Ex: 10’s
a’s
*’s
+’s
it’s
d’s
7’s
•
to show omission of numbers in a date
Ex: The flood of ’97 was devastating to many people.
•
possessives -- show ownership
- singular noun always add ’s
Ex:
baby’s man’s
- plural noun not ending in s always add ’s
Ex:
men’s
children’s
- plural noun ending in s add ’
Ex:
books’ shelves’
•
if inside the quotation marks is a question/exclamation, put the question
mark/exclamation mark inside the quotation marks.
Ex: “What was the answer to the question?” asked Joan.
The little boy exclaimed, “I did it!”
•
if the question/exclamation is outside the quotation marks, the question
mark/exclamation mark goes outside the quotation marks.
Ex: Did you answer the question by saying, “a noun”?
Why did you say, “Go to the store”?
I never again want to hear, “Mary Had a Little Lamb”!
•
divide a word at the end of a line (only between syllables)
a single letter must not be left at the end of a line
•
numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and fractions (one-third)
•
join two or more words that function as adjectives
Ex: He is a happy-go-lucky person.
Diagramming
26
Subjects and Verbs
•
Simple subject and verb
1. The water in the pond freezes solid in the winter.
water
freezes
2. Have you been studying?
you Have been studying
•
Understood subjects
1. Listen carefully to the directions.
(you)
•
Compound subjects
1. Bob and Jane left for the movie.
Bob
Jane
•
Listen
.
.
.
.
.
left
Compound verbs
1. Bob crumpled the paper and threw it away.
.
.
.
.
.
Bob
•
crumpled
threw
Compound subjects and verbs
1. The boys and their fathers bought a camper and left for the lake.
boys
fathers
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
bought
left
DIAGRAMMING (continued)
27
Adjectives
• Single
1. The sleek black cat is howling.
cat
•
is howling
Compound
1. The black and white dog yelped.
dog
yelped
and
Predicate Adjectives
•
Single predicate adjective
1. My dog was very hungry.
dog
was
hungry
•
Compound predicate adjective
1. The ball is red, blue, and yellow.
red
.
.
ball
is
blue
.
.
. yellow
•
Compound verb with predicate adjective after each
1. The cake looks good and seems moist.
looks \ good
cake
.
.
.
.
.
seems \ moist
__________________________DIAGRAMMING_ (continued)______________________________
Adverbs
•
Adverb modifying verb
28
1. Yesterday we won easily.
we
•
won
Adverb modifying adjective
1. An extremely hard wind blew.
wind
•
Adverb modifying adverb
1. The eagle flew almost too high.
eagle
Prepositional Phrases
•
blew
flew
Adjective phrases
1. Her shoes with the black bows were new.
shoes
were \ new
2. Paintings by famous artists from America were displayed.
Paintings
were displayed
DIAGRAMMING (continued)
•
Adverb phrases
1. Jack went to the game with Dave and Ron.
Jack
went
29
.
.
.
.
.
Dave
Ron
2. On Friday we arrived at school after the first bell.
we
Predicate Nominatives
arrived
• Single predicate nominative
PN
1. The author was Jack London.
author
was
\
Jack London
• Compound predicate nominatives
PN
PN
1. The main characters are Tom and Huck.
. Tom
.
.
characters
are \
.
.
Direct objects
Huck
• Single direct object
1. The robins built a nest in our tree.
robins
built
nest
DIAGRAMMING (continued)
•
Compound direct object
DO
DO
1. The student council sold candy and pop at the dance.
student council
30
sold
.
.
.
.
.
candy
pop
Indirect object
• Single indirect object
IO
1. The boy sent his mother flowers for her birthday.
boy
sent
flowers
• Compound indirect objects
IO
IO
1. The teacher gave Mary and Ernie passes to their next class.
teacher
gave
passes
Mary
.
.
.
.
.
Ernie
Agreement: Subject and Verb
Number
•
singular – refers to one person, place, or idea
•
plural – more than one person, place, thing, or idea
Agreement
•
A verb must agree in number with its subject.
31
-
singular subject, takes singular verb
plural subject, takes plural verb
Tip: In present tense, the verb with the “s” is singular
Problems in Agreement
phrase
*Phrase/clauses between
subject and verb
The baying (of the hounds) was deafening.
clause
The movie director, [who is visiting our community,] is Steven
Spielberg.
*Compound subjects
-And
• Subjects joined by and take a plural verb.
Jack and Diane always arrive on time.
OR/NOR
*Inverted sentences
•
•
•
•
joining singular subjects use singular verb
joining plural subjects use plural verb
joining a singular and a plural subject-verb agrees with closer subject
find the subject
Here is next semester’s schedule.
There are no excuses for careless work.
*Contractions don’t
and doesn’t
• Don’t (plural-do)
• Doesn’t (singular-does)
He doesn’t know the difference.
They don’t visit often.
AGREEMENT:SUBJECT AND VERB (continued)
Collective nouns
• Singular when referring to group as a unit
The band was marching in the parade.
• Plural when referring to individual parts or members of group
The band were putting away their instruments.
Expressions of amount
32
• Singular when the amount is thought of as a unit
• Plural when the amount is thought of as separate units
Ten dollars was my weekly allowance last year.
Ten dollars with consecutive numbers were lying on the
counter.
*Fractions / Percentages
•
•
Singular when referring to a singular word
Plural when referring to a plural word
Two thirds of the student body was present on Friday.
Thirty percent of the bread is moldy.
Two thirds of the teachers were also in attendance.
Thirty percent of the parents are in favor of more school days.
*Some special nouns
•
Some nouns plural in form take singular verbs
mumps
measles
economics
•
mathematics
molasses
physics
summons
genetics
civics
Some nouns plural in form that name a singular object take a plural verb
binoculars
scissors
Olympics
pants
AGREEMENT: SUBJECT AND VERB (continued)
*Titles
•
Title of creative works
(books, songs, movies, etc.)
take singular verbs
•
Names of a country, city, organization take singular verbs
“Silver Bells” is a popular Christmas song.
The Netherlands was where Anne Frank lived in hiding.
*Predicate Nominatives
33
•
A verb agrees with the subject but not necessarily with the predicate
nominative
pn
The best time for an appointment is late weekday afternoons.
pn
Raisins are his favorite snack.
*Indefinite Pronouns
• Singular – need a singular verb
anybody
anyone
anything
each
either
•
everybody
everyone
everything
neither
nobody
no one
nothing
one
somebody
someone
something
Plural – need a plural verb
both, few, many, several
•
Singular or plural depending on meaning
all, any, more, most, none
Pronoun / Antecedent Agreement
Antecedent
Agreement
• the noun or pronoun to which a pronoun refers
• A pronoun must agree in number and gender with its antecedent.
Tom left his homework at home.
The students were anxious before their test.
Compound antecedents
• Singular antecedents joined by or or nor use a singular pronoun
34
Neither Sam nor Tom could find his lunch ticket.
• Antecedents joined by and use a plural verb
Sam and Tom lost their tickets.
Other antecedents
•
Refer to rules for subject-verb agreement. If a word requires a
singular verb, it takes a singular pronoun to refer to it.
35