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Ancient Egypt An IPC project by Adam Frumau – 6MS 6 September 2013 Content ANCIENT EGYPT 2 THE RIVER NILE 3 Introduction The River Nile and Irrigation 3 3 THE PHARAOHS 4 Introduction Famous Pharaohs Type of Rulers 4 5 5 THE PYRAMIDS 6 Introduction Underground Tombs: the end of pyramids 6 6 KING TUTANKHAMEN 7 Introduction Death of King Tutankhamen Discovery of King Tutankhamen’s Tomb 7 7 8 FARMING AND FOOD 9 Introduction Farming Seasons Main Crops Farming Tools Farming Animals Types of Food Importance of the River Nile for Food Production 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 EGYPTIAN WRITING – HIEROGLYPHICS AND DEMOTIC SCRIPTS Introduction Rosetta Stone The River Nile and Writing Tools 13 13 13 14 RELIGION AND EGYPTIAN TEMPLES 15 Introduction Use of the Temple Structure of a Temple Famous Temples 15 15 15 16 ANCIENT EGYPTIAN WEAPONS 17 Introduction Types of Weapons and Armour 17 17 TIMELINE 19 COMPARISON ANCIENT EGYPTIANS & EUROPEANS 20 MAIN RESULTS OF THE REPORT 22 REFERENCES 23 1 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS Ancient Egypt Egypt is located in the northern part of Africa. To the north of Egypt is the Mediterranean Sea. To the east are the Red Sea and the Gaza Strip. To the west is Libya and to the south is Sudan. From this area one of the world's oldest civilizations grew – The Ancient Egyptian Civilization. The Ancient Egyptians spoke Coptic Egyptian which was later on replaced by Arabic. Now Arabic has become Egypt’s national language. My assignment was to make a report about Ancient Egypt. In this report I have written about The River Nile, The Pharaohs including King Tutankhamen, The Pyramids, Farming and Food, Egyptian Writing – Hieroglyphics and Demotic Scripts, Religion and Egyptian Temples, and Ancient Egyptian Weapons. There are lots of important things which have happened but I have selected a few of them and put them in the timeline of Ancient Egypt. I have also compared Ancient Egypt and Northern Europe to see what was same and different between them. At the end of this report I have written some important results of my study and all the references I have used for this report. 2 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS The River Nile Introduction The River Nile is called Bahr Al-Nil in Arabic. It is the longest river in the world. It flows through nine countries in Africa. They are: Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Egypt. The River Nile gets its name from the Greek word Neilos which means a river valley. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The River Nile is approximately 6650 kilometres long and the widest part of the river is 7.5 kilometres at Edfu, in Egypt. The two main tributaries of the River Nile are the White Nile and the Blue Nile. The White Nile and the Blue Nile meet in the capital city of Khartoum in Sudan. In the summer the River Nile floods most of the farm lands and in the winter the water level of the River Nile is not very high. The River Nile and Irrigation The Egyptian farmers used irrigation to water their crops and land in the winter. They used different ways to get the water from the River Nile to their crops and land. The Egyptian farmers tried to trap and gather as much flood water as possible, so they did not have to constantly get water from the river. They built mud-brick reservoirs to trap and hold the water. They also had a network of irrigation canals that filled with water during the flood and were refilled from the reservoirs. The Egyptians used a shaduf to get water from the River Nile to their farms. The shaduf was made of a long pole which was balanced on a wooden crossbeam. A bucket was tied on one end of the beam and a big stone on the other. The farmer pulled the rope and bucket into the river and filled it with water. Then he lets go of the rope so that the stone lifted the bucket out of the river. The farmer took the bucket of water and filled the canals which would let the water move to other farms and fields. 3 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS The Pharaohs Introduction The king or queen of Ancient Egypt was called a Pharaoh which means Great House. The Ancient Egyptians believed that the pharaohs were the sons/daughters of Ra. Ra was the Sun God. The Pharaoh had absolute power so all the Egyptians had to obey him. The people that helped the Pharaoh were called Viziers. The Viziers collected money and acted as judges. The Pharaoh had a large army. He used it for conquering other countries. The people of the conquered countries had to give the Pharaoh all their gold, silver, jewels and other useful things. The Pharaoh used the money to build temples, pyramids and to trade with other countries to bring ivory, wood, animal skins and incense trees back to Egypt. 4 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS Famous Pharaohs Ancient Egypt had a lot of Pharaohs. The six most famous pharaohs are: Ramses II (the second) fought against the Hittites from North Egypt. Ramses III (the third) was a great military leader who helped his country come together during difficult times. Pharaoh Khufu was a great builder who built the pyramid of Giza. King Tutankhamen was famous for being a kind ruler and died very young. He is also famous because his tomb helped archaeologists to know more about the Ancient Egyptians. Queen Hatshepsut was the first queen of Egypt. Queen Cleopatra VII (the Seventh) was the last queen to rule Egypt. She was famous for her beauty and being a great politician. Type of Rulers The Pharaohs ruled Ancient Egypt from 3100BC till 30BC when Egypt became a Roman Province. Pharaoh Narmer (Menes) was the first Pharaoh while Queen Cleopatra VII was the last Queen of Ancient Egypt. Most Pharaohs were good rulers for the Egyptians. They tried to make sure that there was peace in the country. Some Pharaohs went to war with the neighbouring countries to remove all outside dangers. The Pharaohs had a duty to defend the borders of the land. They attacked the neighbouring countries for their natural resources (metals, precious stones, glass stone etc.) and to increase their own wealth. 5 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS The Pyramids Introduction Pyramids are one of the largest man-made structures in the world. Many pyramids were built around 2700BC until 1700BC. The Pharaohs built them as tombs for themselves to be buried in after their death. Building a pyramid The shape of the pyramid is supposed to reflect the rays of the sun. The people believed that the spirit of the dead pharaoh would climb the pyramid to be reunited with the sun. The builders used polished limestone to build the pyramids. The limestone came from the nearby place. Because of the giant size, shape and the shining limestone; the pyramid could be seen from a faraway. The capstone of the pyramid was often made of a hard stones like granite or basalt. Sometimes the capstone was plated with gold, silver or bronze so that the sun would reflect from it. As the builders didn’t have the technology for cranes, they used sledges and ramps to get the large and heavy bricks and stones to the upper part of the construction. The Pharaoh had more than 10,000 workers working on a pyramid. Underground Tombs: the end of pyramids Thieves and robbers were always robbing the pyramids. So after hundreds of years; the Pharaohs decided to stop building the pyramids. Instead they choose to build underground tombs that were hidden in the valleys. The tomb of King Tutankhamen is one of the most famous tombs. 6 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS King Tutankhamen Introduction King Tutankhamen was the son of King Akhenaten in 1341BC. He was named Tutankhaten. He took over the throne from his father at the age of 9 years old (1332 BC). Soon after he became king; he married his half – sister. Since King Tutankhamen was a very young Pharaoh he had lots of help and advice from by his vizier Ay and a military leader called Horemheb. King Tutankhamen wanted the Egyptians to believe in only one god; so he changed his name from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamen, which meant ‘The living image of Mun’. King Tutankhamen was trained by the military but was not allowed to go to war because he was too young. As a leader he tried to create bonds with other countries like the Hittites but their messenger died (was killed by Ay and Horemheb) before he arrived in Egypt. Death of King Tutankhamen King Tutankhamen died unexpectedly at the age of 18 (1323BC). 70 days after his death he was mummified and put in a tomb in The Valley of Kings near the River Nile. He was not buried in a pyramid. Thieves and robbers were always robbing the pyramids. So the Pharaohs decided to stop building the pyramids. Instead they choose to build underground tombs that were hidden in the valleys. King Tutankhamen was buried in one of the tombs. 7 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS Discovery of King Tutankhamen’s Tomb King Tutankhamen’s tomb was hard to find because they built tombs near and around his tomb and this hid the entrance. On 26th of November 1922, Howard Carter discovered the tomb by accident. The small tomb of 4 rooms was full of artefacts and gold. King Tutankhamen was buried in a room behind a golden wall. He was lying in a coffin of pure gold. Everything in the tomb looked brand new and it felt as though he was buried yesterday. Lots of interesting objects were found in very good condition; for example cooking pots and pans, farming tools, jewellery, furniture, etc. These objects helped the historians to get to know more about Ancient Egypt. 8 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS Farming and Food Introduction Ancient Egyptian farmers grew their crops along the banks of the River Nile on the black soil which was left behind after the summer floods. This black soil was very good for growing crops. The farmers were peasants mostly chosen by the Pharaoh, priests and rich traders to farm the lands. Both the peasant men and women worked on the farms. The Pharaoh, priests and rich traders were the owners of the farms and the farm lands. Sometimes when they were happy, they would give the farm and land to the farmers. Farming Seasons There were three farming seasons during the time of Ancient Egypt. The Akhet - Flooding Season was from June to September. No farming was done in this season because of the flooding. The farmers spent their time looking after their animals and repairing their farming tools. Sometimes, they also helped with building the pyramids for the pharaohs. 9 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS The Peret - (Growing Season) was from October to February. The floods left behind black soil which was good for growing crops. The farmers prepared the soil and planted the seeds in this season. They also spent their time looking after the irrigation canals so that they could water the crops. The Shemu (Harvesting Season) was from March to May. At this time the crops were fully grown and had to be cut before the next flooding. The farmers spent their time cutting, cleaning and storing the crops. They also spent the time repairing the canals and reservoirs to store the flood water. Main Crops The Ancient Egyptian farmers grew crops such as wheat, emmer barley, sweet corn, rice, lentils, vegetables, fruits and vines. They also grew flax to make linen for clothes and other things such as bedding, cushions, curtains etc. Farming Tools Ancient Egyptian farmers used many farming tools such as the flint-bladed ploughs, sickles with flint blades, winnowing scoops, mattocks rakes, forks, baskets and sieves. Most tools were made of wood or wood and stone. Sometimes metal cutting edges were used to make the tools stronger. Four most important farming tools are: The Flint-Bladed Plough was made of long wooden poles and big flints to cut through the soil. The farmers used the plough to prepare the soil for planting seeds. Sometimes, the plough was pulled by animals such as oxen and sometimes by farmers. 10 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS The Sickle with Flint Blades had a short wooden handle and a semi-circular flint blade. Farmers used it for cutting grain and trimming the crops during the harvesting season. The Winnowing Scoop was big wooden scoop. It was like a modern day shovel made from wood. The farmers used this scoop to move the grain for winnowing. The Mattock was a tool with a sharp metal or flint piece that had the shape of wings joined to a wooden handle. It was used for mixing up soil, cutting dead crop and digging. Farming Animals When the Ancient Egyptian farmers were not looking after the crops and lands, they were looking after the cattle. Cows, buffalos, goats, sheep, pigs, ducks, geese, oxen and camels were raised by the farmers for their meat, milk, eggs, and skins; to help with farming and transport. Types of Food Poor Ancient Egyptians had a limited diet. They would eat foods such as bread and beer, dates, pickled and fresh vegetables, some lentils and salted and fresh fish. They did not eat much meat. The rich Ancient Egyptians loved their food and had a large variety of it. They used all types of grains to make different types of bread. They also used grapes to eat and make wine. Seasonal fresh vegetables and fruit were always available. For example vegetables included onions, leeks, garlic, and lettuce. Legumes included lupines, chickpeas, broad beans, and lentils. Fruit included melon, fig, date, palm coconut, apple and pomegranate. 11 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS Cows, oxen, sheep, goats, and swine, provided dairy products and meat. Sacrificial-animal blood was used for blood sausages and animal and bird fat was used for cooking. Geese, ducks, quail, pigeons, and pelicans were available as fowl. Eggs were eaten a lot. All types of river and sea fish were eaten by the rich Egyptians. Lots of other foods were also eaten by the Ancient Egyptians. Oil was pressed out from bennuts. There were also sesame, linseed, and castor oils. Honey was available as a sweetener. Seasonings included salt, juniper, aniseed, coriander, cumin, fennel, and poppy seeds. Importance of the River Nile for Food Production Ancient Egypt existed only because of the River Nile. The annual summer flooding of the River Nile provided the main source of water and fertile soil to grow crops for food for the people and the animals. Reeds called papyrus grew alongside the River Nile. The Egyptians made boats from the reeds. This helped in transporting food from one place to another. The River Nile was the easiest and quickest way to travel. 12 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS Egyptian Writing – Hieroglyphics and Demotic Scripts Introduction More than 3000 years ago the Ancient Egyptians developed Hieroglyphics. This means ‘picture writing’. People who drew the hieroglyphics were called Scribes. The Ancient Egyptians wanted to record everything in their lives. This was a problem for the scribes as drawing the hieroglyphics took a long time. So slowly the Egyptians developed another way of recording information. This was called the Demotic Script. This was also called the ‘document writing’. The demotic script was much easier and faster to write. Rosetta Stone After 1600 years both the Hieroglyphics and Demotic Script was forgotten and people could not read or understand it. In 1799, some Napoleon soldiers found a big slab of stone called the Rosetta stone. This stone is 114 centimetres high, 72.3 cm wide and 27.9 cm thick. It weighs 760 kilograms. It has three types of writing on it: the Hieroglyphics, Demotic Script and the Ancient Greek Script. The front surface is polished and the writings are engraved. The sides of the stone are smooth but the back is rough. A young French man called Jean Francois Champollion worked out the meanings on the Rosetta stone. The text on the Rosetta stone is an official order passed by a council of priests. It is one of a series that agree to the royal cult of the 13-year-old Pharaoh Ptolemy V on the first anniversary of his coronation. 13 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS The River Nile and Writing Tools The Ancient Egyptians carved Hieroglyphics on walls of pyramids and tombs. They used simple carving tools for the carvings. They also used papyrus paper scrolls to draw the hieroglyphics and to write the demotic scripts. The stems and leaves of the papyrus plants were squashed to make scrolls of papyrus paper. The Egyptian scribes used reeds from the River Nile to make pens and brushes to write on the scrolls of papyrus paper. They used black and red paints to draw the hieroglyphics and to write the demotic scripts. 14 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS Religion and Egyptian Temples Introduction Religion was very important for the Ancient Egyptians. It was a mix of beliefs and rituals. It was based on worshipping different Gods for different needs such as wealth, health, safety etc. People also worshipped the Pharaoh as he was believed to be related to the Gods. He acted as the link between his people and the gods. The Pharaoh would bring offerings to the Gods so that they would look after his people and keep the world and universe safe. Use of the Temple Ancient Egyptian temples were built for the worship of the gods and were used for a variety of rituals and offerings to the gods. Lots of festivals such as the harvest festival took place in and outside the temples. The Pharaohs had to make sure that the temples were nice and tidy and looked after so that the gods would protect him and his people. Lots of rituals were performed in front of the gods during the birth of a child, naming of a child and death of a person. The Egyptians made great efforts to ensure the survival of their souls after death, by building tombs and graves with lots of things for life-after-death and to keep the gods happy. Structure of a Temple The early mud temples were very simple in form and were built every year after the flooding. However, the stone temples were built along a central hallway that led through a series of courts and halls to the sanctuary. The sanctuary was the place where the statue of the temple god was placed. Only the Pharaoh and the most important priests could go into the Sanctuary. The journey from the temple entrance to the sanctuary was seen as a journey from the human world to the god’s world. A large wall was built around the main temple with lots of smaller buildings for workshops and storage. There was also a library where the temple's sacred writings and records were kept and which was also a school for the children and young priests of Egypt. 15 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS Famous Temples Lots of temples were built during the ancient times. But only a few temples have survived. The five most famous temples in Egypt that I like are listed here. Temple of Hatshepsut was built by Queen Hatshepsut. It is located on the west bank of the River Nile near the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. Temple of Edfu (Horus) was built in the city Edfu. Pharaohs Ptolemy III, Ptolemy XII, Ramses I and Ramses II had been involved in its construction. Philae Temples were built on the Aglika Island. It was begun by Ptolemy II and completed by the Roman Emperors. Temple of Luxor is located close to the River Nile and parallel with the riverbank. King Amenhotep III built this beautiful temple. Temple of Karnak is located in a village Karnak in Egypt. Seti I and Ramesses II and Amenhotep III & IV had been involved in its construction. 16 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS Ancient Egyptian Weapons Introduction The Ancient Egyptians used a variety of weapons. Early weapons were made of wood and stone. Later weapons were made of wood, stone and metals. The Pharaohs, commanders and soldiers also wore protective armour. Types of Weapons and Armour The Ancient Egyptian armies of the Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom (c.2600—1600BC) fought on foot. The Pharaoh and the other commanders of the foot army fought on war chariots. The Pharaoh wore special leather war clothes covered with gold, silver and jewels. The Pharaoh’s war chariot was decorated with precious jewels. The foot soldiers wore light armour made of leather and had a wooden shield. The weapons were mostly made from leather, flint stone and wood. Examples of early weapons are: bow and arrows, slings, clubs, shields, throwing sticks, stone maces, knives, daggers, axes and stone tipped spears. Wooden bows were also used with stone tipped arrows. 17 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS The Ancient Egyptian armies of the New Kingdom (1500BC – 332BC) had similar weapons to the Old and Middle Kingdoms. The foot army carried bow and arrows, spears, battle axes, sickle-swords and daggers. All the weapons were made from leather, copper, bronze, sinews and wood. They were much stronger than the wood and flint stone weapons used in the Old Kingdom. All the soldiers and commanders had better armour to protect them. This was made from copper, bronze and leather. They also had metal helmets and shields. The Pharaoh’s armour was made from leather, copper and bronze and was covered with gold, silver and jewels. He also had a helmet covered with jewels. His war chariot was decorated with precious metals and stones. Apart from the foot army, the Pharaoh also used a horse army and a chariot army. 18 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS Timeline A timeline shows all the important events which took place in the history of Ancient Egypt. I have selected a few events which are important to me and put them in my timeline of Ancient Egypt. 6000BC 5000BC 4500BC 4000BC 3100BC Early people settled on the banks of the River Nile and made pottery from the Nile Clay. Egyptians started farming - grew crops and looked after cattle such as cows, goats, pigs etc. Boats were built to transport things on the River Nile Papyrus paper and scrolls were developed. The first major irrigation project was created under Pharaoh Narmer (Menes) rule. He was the first Pharaoh. 3000BC 3000BC 2700BC 2600BC 2551BC – 2528BC 2500BC 2000BC 1700BC 1700BC 1552BC 1550BC 1503BC – 1482BC 1503BC – 1482BC 1500BC 1390BC -1353BC 1341BC 1332BC 1323BC 1213BC – 179BC 1178BC – 56BC 650Bc – 500BC 370BC – 305BC 332BC 332BC 237BC – 57BC 196BC 51BC – 30BC 30BC Craftsmen created the first wall paintings using Hieroglyphics. Walled towns and villages were built with mud bricks. Pharaohs started building pyramids. The period of the 'Old Kingdom' began. Pharaoh Khufu ruled Egypt. The Great Sphinx and the Great Pyramid at Giza are built. The period of the 'Old Kingdom' ended. The irrigation tool Shaduf was developed to bring water to the crops. Pharaohs stopped building pyramids. Temple of Karnak was built. Many royal tombs were built in the Valley of the Kings. Queen Hatshepsut ruled Egypt. The Temple of Hatshepsut was built. The period of the ‘New Kingdom’ began. The Temple Luxor was built. King Tutankhamen was born King Tutankhamen became king. King Tutankhamen was buried in the Valley of the Kings. Ramses II ruled Egypt. Ramses III ruled Egypt. Demotic script was developed and used for recording information. Philae temples were built. Alexander the Great invaded Ancient Egypt The era of the New Kingdom ended. Temple of Edfu was built. The Rosetta Stone was carved. Queen Cleopatra ruled Egypt. Egypt came under Roman rule. Queen Cleopatra committed suicide after Octavian's army defeated her forces. 19 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS Comparison Ancient Egyptians & Europeans The following table presents the differences between the Ancient Egyptians and Ancient Europeans (4500BC). Egypt United Kingdom and Europe General Ancient Egyptians were very smart and advanced for their time. General Ancient Europeans were learning new things but were not as advanced as the Ancient Egyptians. Use of Rivers Ancient Egyptians built their towns and villages on the banks of the River Nile. They used the river for farming, food, transport, construction etc. Use of Rivers Ancient Europeans lived where they could find water and food. They moved when the water or food was finished. Irrigation Ancient Egyptians had an irrigation system to water their crops and lands. Irrigation Ancient Europeans did not know anything about irrigation and growing their own crops. Houses and Buildings Ancient Egyptians built their houses and other buildings such as the pyramids in stone and mudbricks. Houses and buildings Ancient Europeans built their houses and other buildings with wood, thick sticks and rushes. Construction tools Ancient Egyptians made construction tools such as spades, forks etc. from wood, flint, copper and bronze. Construction tools Ancient Europeans made construction tools such as spades, forks etc. from stone and wood. Weapons Weapons such as axes, daggers, swords etc. were made from wood, copper and bronze. Weapons Weapons such as axes, daggers, swords etc. were made from wood, and stone or flint. Pottery Ancient Egyptians made pottery on a wheel and baked it until it was hard. Baking was done on high temperatures. Pottery Ancient Europeans made clay pottery by hand and sun dried. Carpentry and wood working Burial structures Ancient Egyptians built pyramids, tombs and graves to bury their death. They did lots of death rituals. Carpentry and wood working Burial structures Ancient Europeans had simple burial rituals. They dug a hole and buried their dead. No rituals were done. Sometimes they burnt the dead. Religion and temples Ancient Egyptians worshipped lots of gods. They built temples to put the statues of the gods Religion and temples Ancient Europeans did not have any specific religions or temples. Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS 20 Egypt United Kingdom and Europe Farming Ancient Egyptians farmers farmed the lands near the bank of the River Nile. Farming Ancient Europeans did not farm the lands. Farming tools Ancient Egyptians made and used lots of farming tools such as ploughs, sickles, axes, sieves, mattocks, etc. Farming tools Ancient Europeans did not farm the lands. They did not have farming tools. Main crops Ancient Egyptians grew lots of crops such a wheat, emmer, fruit, vegetables etc. Main crops Ancient Europeans did not farm the lands. They did not grow crops. Food Ancient Egyptians ate bread, fruit, vegetables, lentils, meat, fish etc. Food Ancient Europeans ate hunted meat and gathered plants, berries etc. Farming animals Ancient Egyptians looked after lots of farming animals such as cows, buffalos, goats, sheep, pigs, ducks, geese, oxen and camels. These animals were raised for their milk, meat, eggs and skins. Some animals were used for farming and transport. Farming animals Ancient Europeans were still moving from place to place. They hunted wild animals and gathered wild berries and plants. They did not raise animals. Reading and writing Ancient Egyptians invented the hieroglyphics and demotic scripts to read, write and record their history. Reading and writing Ancient Europeans painted pictures on cave walls to record their history or to tell a story. They did not use symbols or writing. Writing tools Ancient Egyptians invented reed pens and black and red inks to write on the papyrus paper scrolls. Writing tools Ancient Europeans used paint made from coal, vegetable colours etc. to paint stone walls. 21 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS Main Results of the Report The Ancient Egyptian society was very advanced for its time. They were very smart people. The Ancient Egyptians were very good builders. They used lots of different materials and very advanced skills and tools to build houses, temples, pyramids and underground tombs. The Egyptians were very good farmers. They built irrigation systems to bring water to their farms, fields and crops. They made farming tools to help with growing and storing crops. They grew different types of crops and domesticated animals for food, helping with farming and transport. The Egyptians were experts at building reed boats for transportation. They used the same reed to make writing tools such as pens and painting brushes and also used papyrus to make writing paper. They also developed Hieroglyphics and Demotic scripts to record information such as their stories, knowledge and history. The Egyptian people were also very religious people and spent a lot of time and money in building beautiful temples for their gods to make sure that they stayed happy with them. 22 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS References Documents provided by Mrs Mikes and Mr Seaby about Ancient Egypt on 29-08-2013. Children’s Illustrated Internet Linked Encyclopedia (2010), DK Publishing. My First Encyclopedia (2010), DK Publishing. Internet Links www.dk.com www.wikipedia.com www.britishmuseum.org www.reshafim.org www.historyonthenet.com www.britannica.com www.schoolsliaison.org.uk www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/ 23 Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS