Download Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt
An IPC project by Adam Frumau – 6MS
6 September 2013
Content
ANCIENT EGYPT
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THE RIVER NILE
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Introduction
The River Nile and Irrigation
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THE PHARAOHS
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Introduction
Famous Pharaohs
Type of Rulers
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THE PYRAMIDS
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Introduction
Underground Tombs: the end of pyramids
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KING TUTANKHAMEN
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Introduction
Death of King Tutankhamen
Discovery of King Tutankhamen’s Tomb
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FARMING AND FOOD
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Introduction
Farming Seasons
Main Crops
Farming Tools
Farming Animals
Types of Food
Importance of the River Nile for Food Production
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EGYPTIAN WRITING – HIEROGLYPHICS AND DEMOTIC SCRIPTS
Introduction
Rosetta Stone
The River Nile and Writing Tools
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RELIGION AND EGYPTIAN TEMPLES
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Introduction
Use of the Temple
Structure of a Temple
Famous Temples
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ANCIENT EGYPTIAN WEAPONS
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Introduction
Types of Weapons and Armour
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TIMELINE
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COMPARISON ANCIENT EGYPTIANS & EUROPEANS
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MAIN RESULTS OF THE REPORT
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REFERENCES
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
Ancient Egypt
Egypt is located in the northern part of Africa. To the north of Egypt is the Mediterranean
Sea. To the east are the Red Sea and the Gaza Strip. To the west is Libya and to the south is
Sudan. From this area one of the world's oldest civilizations grew – The Ancient Egyptian
Civilization. The Ancient Egyptians spoke Coptic Egyptian which was later on replaced by
Arabic. Now Arabic has become Egypt’s national language.
My assignment was to make a report about Ancient Egypt. In this report I have written
about The River Nile, The Pharaohs including King Tutankhamen, The Pyramids, Farming and
Food, Egyptian Writing – Hieroglyphics and Demotic Scripts, Religion and Egyptian Temples,
and Ancient Egyptian Weapons. There are lots of important things which have happened
but I have selected a few of them and put them in the timeline of Ancient Egypt. I have also
compared Ancient Egypt and Northern Europe to see what was same and different between
them. At the end of this report I have written some important results of my study and all
the references I have used for this report.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
The River Nile
Introduction
The River Nile is called Bahr Al-Nil in Arabic. It is the longest river in the world. It flows
through nine countries in Africa. They are: Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Republic of Congo,
Tanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Egypt. The River Nile gets its name from the Greek
word Neilos which means a river valley. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
The River Nile is approximately 6650
kilometres long and the widest part of the river
is 7.5 kilometres at Edfu, in Egypt. The two main
tributaries of the River Nile are the White Nile
and the Blue Nile. The White Nile and the Blue
Nile meet in the capital city of Khartoum in
Sudan. In the summer the River Nile floods most
of the farm lands and in the winter the water
level of the River Nile is not very high.
The River Nile and Irrigation
The Egyptian farmers used irrigation to water
their crops and land in the winter. They used
different ways to get the water from the River
Nile to their crops and land.
The Egyptian farmers tried to trap and gather as much flood water as possible, so they did
not have to constantly get water from the river. They built mud-brick reservoirs to trap and
hold the water. They also had a network of irrigation canals that filled with water during the
flood and were refilled from the reservoirs.
The Egyptians used a shaduf to get water from
the River Nile to their farms. The shaduf was
made of a long pole which was balanced on a
wooden crossbeam. A bucket was tied on one end
of the beam and a big stone on the other. The
farmer pulled the rope and bucket into the river
and filled it with water. Then he lets go of the
rope so that the stone lifted the bucket out of the
river. The farmer took the bucket of water and
filled the canals which would let the water move to other farms and fields.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
The Pharaohs
Introduction
The king or queen of Ancient Egypt was called a Pharaoh which means Great House. The
Ancient Egyptians believed that the pharaohs were the sons/daughters of Ra. Ra was the
Sun God. The Pharaoh had absolute power so all the Egyptians had to obey him. The people
that helped the Pharaoh were called Viziers. The Viziers collected money and acted as
judges.
The Pharaoh had a large army. He used it for conquering other countries. The people of the
conquered countries had to give the Pharaoh all their gold, silver, jewels and other useful
things. The Pharaoh used the money to build temples, pyramids and to trade with other
countries to bring ivory, wood, animal skins and incense trees back to Egypt.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
Famous Pharaohs
Ancient Egypt had a lot of Pharaohs. The six most famous pharaohs are:
Ramses II (the second) fought against the Hittites from North Egypt.
Ramses III (the third) was a great military leader who helped his country come together
during difficult times.
Pharaoh Khufu was a great builder who built the pyramid of Giza.
King Tutankhamen was famous for being a kind ruler and died very young. He is also famous
because his tomb helped archaeologists to know more about the Ancient Egyptians.
Queen Hatshepsut was the first queen of Egypt.
Queen Cleopatra VII (the Seventh) was the last queen to rule Egypt. She was famous for her
beauty and being a great politician.
Type of Rulers
The Pharaohs ruled Ancient Egypt from 3100BC till 30BC when Egypt became a Roman
Province. Pharaoh Narmer (Menes) was the first Pharaoh while Queen Cleopatra VII was the
last Queen of Ancient Egypt. Most Pharaohs were good rulers for the Egyptians. They tried
to make sure that there was peace in the country. Some Pharaohs went to war with the
neighbouring countries to remove all outside dangers. The Pharaohs had a duty to defend
the borders of the land. They attacked the neighbouring countries for their natural
resources (metals, precious stones, glass stone etc.) and to increase their own wealth.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
The Pyramids
Introduction
Pyramids are one of the largest man-made
structures in the world. Many pyramids were built
around 2700BC until 1700BC. The Pharaohs built
them as tombs for themselves to be buried in after
their death.
Building a pyramid
The shape of the pyramid is supposed to reflect the rays of the sun. The people believed
that the spirit of the dead pharaoh would climb the pyramid to be reunited with the sun.
The builders used polished limestone to build the pyramids. The limestone came from the
nearby place. Because of the giant size, shape and the shining limestone; the pyramid could
be seen from a faraway. The capstone of the
pyramid was often made of a hard stones like
granite or basalt. Sometimes the capstone was
plated with gold, silver or bronze so that the sun
would reflect from it. As the builders didn’t have
the technology for cranes, they used sledges and
ramps to get the large and heavy bricks and stones
to the upper part of the construction. The Pharaoh
had more than 10,000 workers working on a
pyramid.
Underground Tombs: the end of pyramids
Thieves and robbers were always robbing the
pyramids. So after hundreds of years; the Pharaohs
decided to stop building the pyramids. Instead they
choose to build underground tombs that were
hidden in the valleys. The tomb of King
Tutankhamen is one of the most famous tombs.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
King Tutankhamen
Introduction
King Tutankhamen was the son of King Akhenaten in 1341BC. He was named Tutankhaten.
He took over the throne from his father at the age of 9 years old (1332 BC). Soon after he
became king; he married his half – sister.
Since King Tutankhamen
was a very young Pharaoh
he had lots of help and
advice from by his vizier Ay
and a military leader called
Horemheb. King
Tutankhamen wanted the
Egyptians to believe in only
one god; so he changed his
name from Tutankhaten to
Tutankhamen, which
meant ‘The living image of
Mun’.
King Tutankhamen was trained by the military but was not allowed to go to war because he
was too young. As a leader he tried to create bonds with other countries like the Hittites but
their messenger died (was killed by Ay and Horemheb) before he arrived in Egypt.
Death of King Tutankhamen
King Tutankhamen died unexpectedly at the age of 18
(1323BC). 70 days after his death he was mummified
and put in a tomb in The Valley of Kings near the River
Nile. He was not buried in a pyramid. Thieves and
robbers were always robbing the pyramids. So the
Pharaohs decided to stop building the pyramids.
Instead they choose to build underground tombs that
were hidden in the valleys. King Tutankhamen was
buried in one of the tombs.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
Discovery of King Tutankhamen’s Tomb
King Tutankhamen’s tomb was hard to find because they built tombs near and around his
tomb and this hid the entrance. On 26th of November 1922, Howard Carter discovered the
tomb by accident. The small tomb of 4 rooms was full of artefacts and gold.
King Tutankhamen was buried in a room behind a golden wall. He was lying in a coffin of
pure gold. Everything in the tomb looked brand new and it felt as though he was buried
yesterday. Lots of interesting objects were found in very good condition; for example
cooking pots and pans, farming tools, jewellery, furniture, etc. These objects helped the
historians to get to know more about Ancient Egypt.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
Farming and Food
Introduction
Ancient Egyptian farmers grew their crops along the banks of the River Nile on the black soil
which was left behind after the summer floods. This black soil was very good for growing
crops. The farmers were peasants mostly
chosen by the Pharaoh, priests and rich
traders to farm the lands. Both the peasant
men and women worked on the farms. The
Pharaoh, priests and rich traders were the
owners of the farms and the farm lands.
Sometimes when they were happy, they
would give the farm and land to the farmers.
Farming Seasons
There were three farming seasons during the time of Ancient Egypt.
The Akhet - Flooding Season was from June to September. No farming was done in this
season because of the flooding. The farmers spent their time looking after their animals and
repairing their farming tools. Sometimes, they also helped with building the pyramids for
the pharaohs.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
The Peret - (Growing Season) was from October to
February. The floods left behind black soil which was
good for growing crops. The farmers prepared the soil
and planted the seeds in this season. They also spent
their time looking after the irrigation canals so that
they could water the crops.
The Shemu (Harvesting Season) was from March to
May. At this time the crops were fully grown and had
to be cut before the next flooding. The farmers spent
their time cutting, cleaning and storing the crops.
They also spent the time repairing the canals and
reservoirs to store the flood water.
Main Crops
The Ancient Egyptian farmers grew crops such as wheat, emmer barley, sweet corn, rice,
lentils, vegetables, fruits and vines. They also grew flax to make linen for clothes and other
things such as bedding, cushions, curtains etc.
Farming Tools
Ancient Egyptian farmers used many farming tools such as the flint-bladed ploughs, sickles
with flint blades, winnowing scoops, mattocks rakes, forks, baskets and sieves. Most tools
were made of wood or wood and stone. Sometimes metal cutting edges were used to make
the tools stronger. Four most important farming tools are:
The Flint-Bladed Plough was made of long wooden poles
and big flints to cut through the soil. The farmers used the
plough to prepare the soil for planting seeds. Sometimes,
the plough was pulled by animals such as oxen and
sometimes by farmers.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
The Sickle with Flint Blades had a short wooden handle
and a semi-circular flint blade. Farmers used it for cutting
grain and trimming the crops during the harvesting
season.
The Winnowing Scoop was
big wooden scoop. It was
like a modern day shovel
made from wood. The farmers used this scoop to move the
grain for winnowing.
The Mattock was a tool with a sharp metal or flint piece that
had the shape of wings joined to a wooden handle. It was
used for mixing up soil, cutting dead crop and digging.
Farming Animals
When the Ancient Egyptian farmers were not looking after the crops and lands, they were
looking after the cattle. Cows, buffalos, goats, sheep, pigs, ducks, geese, oxen and camels
were raised by the farmers for their meat, milk, eggs, and skins; to help with farming and
transport.
Types of Food
Poor Ancient Egyptians had a limited diet. They would eat
foods such as bread and beer, dates, pickled and fresh
vegetables, some lentils and salted and fresh fish. They did
not eat much meat. The rich Ancient Egyptians loved their
food and had a large variety of it.
They used all types of grains to make different types of
bread. They also used grapes to eat and make wine.
Seasonal fresh vegetables and fruit were always available. For example vegetables included
onions, leeks, garlic, and lettuce. Legumes included lupines, chickpeas, broad beans, and
lentils. Fruit included melon, fig, date, palm coconut, apple and pomegranate.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
Cows, oxen, sheep, goats, and swine, provided dairy products and meat. Sacrificial-animal
blood was used for blood sausages and animal and bird fat was used for cooking. Geese,
ducks, quail, pigeons, and pelicans were available as fowl. Eggs were eaten a lot. All types of
river and sea fish were eaten by the rich Egyptians.
Lots of other foods were also eaten by the Ancient Egyptians. Oil was pressed out from bennuts. There were also sesame, linseed, and castor oils. Honey was available as a sweetener.
Seasonings included salt, juniper, aniseed, coriander, cumin, fennel, and poppy seeds.
Importance of the River Nile for Food Production
Ancient Egypt existed only because of the River Nile. The annual summer flooding of the
River Nile provided the main source of water and fertile soil to grow crops for food for the
people and the animals.
Reeds called papyrus grew alongside the River Nile. The Egyptians made boats from the
reeds. This helped in transporting food from one place to another. The River Nile was the
easiest and quickest way to travel.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
Egyptian Writing – Hieroglyphics and Demotic Scripts
Introduction
More than 3000 years ago the Ancient Egyptians developed Hieroglyphics. This means
‘picture writing’. People who drew the hieroglyphics were called Scribes. The Ancient
Egyptians wanted to record everything in their lives. This was a problem for the scribes as
drawing the hieroglyphics took a long time. So slowly the Egyptians developed another way
of recording information. This was called the Demotic Script. This was also called the
‘document writing’. The demotic script was much easier and faster to write.
Rosetta Stone
After 1600 years both the Hieroglyphics and
Demotic Script was forgotten and people could
not read or understand it. In 1799, some
Napoleon soldiers found a big slab of stone
called the Rosetta stone. This stone is 114
centimetres high, 72.3 cm wide and 27.9 cm
thick. It weighs 760 kilograms. It has three
types of writing on it: the Hieroglyphics,
Demotic Script and the Ancient Greek
Script. The front surface is polished and the
writings are engraved. The sides of the stone
are smooth but the back is rough.
A young French man called Jean Francois
Champollion worked out the meanings on the
Rosetta stone. The text on the Rosetta stone is
an official order passed by a council of priests.
It is one of a series that agree to the royal cult
of the 13-year-old Pharaoh Ptolemy V on the
first anniversary of his coronation.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
The River Nile and Writing Tools
The Ancient Egyptians carved Hieroglyphics on walls of pyramids and tombs. They used
simple carving tools for the carvings. They also used papyrus paper scrolls to draw the
hieroglyphics and to write the demotic scripts. The stems and leaves of the papyrus plants
were squashed to make scrolls of papyrus paper.
The Egyptian scribes used reeds from the River Nile to make pens and brushes to write on
the scrolls of papyrus paper. They used black and red paints to draw the hieroglyphics and
to write the demotic scripts.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
Religion and Egyptian Temples
Introduction
Religion was very important for the Ancient Egyptians. It was a mix of beliefs and rituals. It
was based on worshipping different Gods for different needs such as wealth, health, safety
etc. People also worshipped the Pharaoh as he was believed to be related to the Gods. He
acted as the link between his people and the gods. The Pharaoh would bring offerings to the
Gods so that they would look after his people and keep the world and universe safe.
Use of the Temple
Ancient Egyptian temples were built for the worship of the gods and were used for a variety
of rituals and offerings to the gods. Lots of festivals such as the harvest festival took place in
and outside the temples. The Pharaohs had to make sure that the temples were nice and
tidy and looked after so that the gods would protect him and his people.
Lots of rituals were performed in front of the gods during the birth of a child, naming of a
child and death of a person. The Egyptians made great efforts to ensure the survival of
their souls after death, by building tombs and graves with lots of things for life-after-death
and to keep the gods happy.
Structure of a Temple
The early mud temples were very simple
in form and were built every year after
the flooding. However, the stone temples
were built along a central hallway that led
through a series of courts and halls to the
sanctuary. The sanctuary was the place
where the statue of the temple god was
placed. Only the Pharaoh and the most
important priests could go into the
Sanctuary.
The journey from the temple entrance to
the sanctuary was seen as a journey from the human world to the god’s world. A large wall
was built around the main temple with lots of smaller buildings for workshops and storage.
There was also a library where the temple's sacred writings and records were kept and
which was also a school for the children and young priests of Egypt.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
Famous Temples
Lots of temples were built during the ancient times. But only a few temples have survived.
The five most famous temples in Egypt that I like are listed here.
Temple of Hatshepsut was built by Queen Hatshepsut. It is located on the west bank of
the River Nile near the Valley of the Kings in Egypt.
Temple of Edfu (Horus) was built in the city Edfu. Pharaohs Ptolemy III, Ptolemy XII, Ramses
I and Ramses II had been involved in its construction.
Philae Temples were built on the Aglika Island. It was begun by Ptolemy II and completed by
the Roman Emperors.
Temple of Luxor is located close to the River Nile and parallel with the riverbank. King
Amenhotep III built this beautiful temple.
Temple of Karnak is located in a village Karnak in Egypt. Seti I and Ramesses II and
Amenhotep III & IV had been involved in its construction.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
Ancient Egyptian Weapons
Introduction
The Ancient Egyptians used a variety of weapons. Early weapons were made of wood and
stone. Later weapons were made of wood, stone and metals. The Pharaohs, commanders
and soldiers also wore protective armour.
Types of Weapons and Armour
The Ancient Egyptian armies of the Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom (c.2600—1600BC)
fought on foot. The Pharaoh and the other commanders of the foot army fought on war
chariots. The Pharaoh wore special leather war clothes covered with gold, silver and jewels.
The Pharaoh’s war chariot was decorated with precious jewels.
The foot soldiers wore light armour made of leather and
had a wooden shield. The weapons were mostly made
from leather, flint stone and wood. Examples of early
weapons are: bow and arrows, slings, clubs, shields,
throwing sticks, stone maces, knives, daggers, axes and
stone tipped spears. Wooden bows were also used with
stone tipped arrows.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
The Ancient Egyptian armies of the New Kingdom (1500BC – 332BC) had similar weapons to
the Old and Middle Kingdoms. The foot army carried bow and arrows, spears, battle axes,
sickle-swords and daggers. All the weapons were made from leather, copper, bronze, sinews
and wood. They were much stronger than the wood and flint stone weapons used in the Old
Kingdom.
All the soldiers and commanders had better armour to protect them. This was made from
copper, bronze and leather. They also had metal helmets and shields. The Pharaoh’s armour
was made from leather, copper and bronze and was covered with gold, silver and jewels. He
also had a helmet covered with jewels. His war chariot was decorated with precious metals
and stones. Apart from the foot army, the Pharaoh also used a horse army and a chariot
army.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
Timeline
A timeline shows all the important events which took place in the history of Ancient Egypt. I
have selected a few events which are important to me and put them in my timeline of
Ancient Egypt.
6000BC
5000BC
4500BC
4000BC
3100BC
Early people settled on the banks of the River Nile and made pottery from
the Nile Clay.
Egyptians started farming - grew crops and looked after cattle such as cows,
goats, pigs etc.
Boats were built to transport things on the River Nile
Papyrus paper and scrolls were developed.
The first major irrigation project was created under Pharaoh Narmer
(Menes) rule. He was the first Pharaoh.
3000BC
3000BC
2700BC
2600BC
2551BC – 2528BC
2500BC
2000BC
1700BC
1700BC
1552BC
1550BC
1503BC – 1482BC
1503BC – 1482BC
1500BC
1390BC -1353BC
1341BC
1332BC
1323BC
1213BC – 179BC
1178BC – 56BC
650Bc – 500BC
370BC – 305BC
332BC
332BC
237BC – 57BC
196BC
51BC – 30BC
30BC
Craftsmen created the first wall paintings using Hieroglyphics.
Walled towns and villages were built with mud bricks.
Pharaohs started building pyramids.
The period of the 'Old Kingdom' began.
Pharaoh Khufu ruled Egypt.
The Great Sphinx and the Great Pyramid at Giza are built.
The period of the 'Old Kingdom' ended.
The irrigation tool Shaduf was developed to bring water to the crops.
Pharaohs stopped building pyramids.
Temple of Karnak was built.
Many royal tombs were built in the Valley of the Kings.
Queen Hatshepsut ruled Egypt.
The Temple of Hatshepsut was built.
The period of the ‘New Kingdom’ began.
The Temple Luxor was built.
King Tutankhamen was born
King Tutankhamen became king.
King Tutankhamen was buried in the Valley of the Kings.
Ramses II ruled Egypt.
Ramses III ruled Egypt.
Demotic script was developed and used for recording information.
Philae temples were built.
Alexander the Great invaded Ancient Egypt
The era of the New Kingdom ended.
Temple of Edfu was built.
The Rosetta Stone was carved.
Queen Cleopatra ruled Egypt.
Egypt came under Roman rule.
Queen Cleopatra committed suicide after Octavian's army defeated her
forces.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
Comparison Ancient Egyptians & Europeans
The following table presents the differences between the Ancient Egyptians and Ancient
Europeans (4500BC).
Egypt
United Kingdom and Europe
General
Ancient Egyptians were very smart and advanced
for their time.
General
Ancient Europeans were learning new things
but were not as advanced as the Ancient
Egyptians.
Use of Rivers
Ancient Egyptians built their towns and villages on
the banks of the River Nile. They used the river for
farming, food, transport, construction etc.
Use of Rivers
Ancient Europeans lived where they could find
water and food. They moved when the water
or food was finished.
Irrigation
Ancient Egyptians had an irrigation system to
water their crops and lands.
Irrigation
Ancient Europeans did not know anything
about irrigation and growing their own crops.
Houses and Buildings
Ancient Egyptians built their houses and other
buildings such as the pyramids in stone and mudbricks.
Houses and buildings
Ancient Europeans built their houses and other
buildings with wood, thick sticks and rushes.
Construction tools
Ancient Egyptians made construction tools such as
spades, forks etc. from wood, flint, copper and
bronze.
Construction tools
Ancient Europeans made construction tools
such as spades, forks etc. from stone and
wood.
Weapons
Weapons such as axes, daggers, swords etc. were
made from wood, copper and bronze.
Weapons
Weapons such as axes, daggers, swords etc.
were made from wood, and stone or flint.
Pottery
Ancient Egyptians made pottery on a wheel and
baked it until it was hard. Baking was done on high
temperatures.
Pottery
Ancient Europeans made clay pottery by hand
and sun dried.
Carpentry and wood working
Burial structures
Ancient Egyptians built pyramids, tombs and
graves to bury their death. They did lots of death
rituals.
Carpentry and wood working
Burial structures
Ancient Europeans had simple burial rituals.
They dug a hole and buried their dead. No
rituals were done. Sometimes they burnt the
dead.
Religion and temples
Ancient Egyptians worshipped lots of gods. They
built temples to put the statues of the gods
Religion and temples
Ancient Europeans did not have any specific
religions or temples.
Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
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Egypt
United Kingdom and Europe
Farming
Ancient Egyptians farmers farmed the lands near
the bank of the River Nile.
Farming
Ancient Europeans did not farm the lands.
Farming tools
Ancient Egyptians made and used lots of farming
tools such as ploughs, sickles, axes, sieves,
mattocks, etc.
Farming tools
Ancient Europeans did not farm the lands.
They did not have farming tools.
Main crops
Ancient Egyptians grew lots of crops such a wheat,
emmer, fruit, vegetables etc.
Main crops
Ancient Europeans did not farm the lands.
They did not grow crops.
Food
Ancient Egyptians ate bread, fruit, vegetables,
lentils, meat, fish etc.
Food
Ancient Europeans ate hunted meat and
gathered plants, berries etc.
Farming animals
Ancient Egyptians looked after lots of farming
animals such as cows, buffalos, goats, sheep, pigs,
ducks, geese, oxen and camels. These animals
were raised for their milk, meat, eggs and skins.
Some animals were used for farming and
transport.
Farming animals
Ancient Europeans were still moving from
place to place. They hunted wild animals and
gathered wild berries and plants. They did not
raise animals.
Reading and writing
Ancient Egyptians invented the hieroglyphics and
demotic scripts to read, write and record their
history.
Reading and writing
Ancient Europeans painted pictures on cave
walls to record their history or to tell a story.
They did not use symbols or writing.
Writing tools
Ancient Egyptians invented reed pens and black
and red inks to write on the papyrus paper scrolls.
Writing tools
Ancient Europeans used paint made from coal,
vegetable colours etc. to paint stone walls.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
Main Results of the Report
The Ancient Egyptian society was very advanced for its time. They were very smart people.
The Ancient Egyptians were very good builders. They used lots of different materials and
very advanced skills and tools to build houses, temples, pyramids and underground tombs.
The Egyptians were very good farmers. They built irrigation systems to bring water to their
farms, fields and crops. They made farming tools to help with growing and storing crops.
They grew different types of crops and domesticated animals for food, helping with farming
and transport.
The Egyptians were experts at building reed boats for transportation. They used the same
reed to make writing tools such as pens and painting brushes and also used papyrus to make
writing paper. They also developed Hieroglyphics and Demotic scripts to record information
such as their stories, knowledge and history.
The Egyptian people were also very religious people and spent a lot of time and money in
building beautiful temples for their gods to make sure that they stayed happy with them.
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS
References
Documents provided by Mrs Mikes and Mr Seaby about Ancient Egypt on 29-08-2013.
Children’s Illustrated Internet Linked Encyclopedia (2010), DK Publishing.
My First Encyclopedia (2010), DK Publishing.
Internet Links
www.dk.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.britishmuseum.org
www.reshafim.org
www.historyonthenet.com
www.britannica.com
www.schoolsliaison.org.uk
www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/
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Adam Frumau | Project: Ancient Egypt | 6MS