Download cold war overview

The Cold War Begins
Main Idea
The United States and the Soviet Union emerged
from World War II deeply distrustful of each other
and with conflicting visions for the future. 
Vocabulary
• containment 
• cold war
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The Cold War Begins
Read to Find Out . . .
• the events that led to Soviet domination in
Eastern Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the
Marshall Plan. 
• how ideological differences between the Soviet
Union and the United States fueled the cold
war.
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In evaluating his presidency, Harry S
Truman said: “History will remember my
term of office as the years when the cold
war began to overshadow our lives.”
An Iron Curtain Falls
• At the heart of the Allied alliance stood
the United States and the Soviet Union–
two nations bound together by a common
enemy and mutual distrust of each other.
When the war ended, the Soviets and the
Americans looked at the world through
different eyes. 
• The Soviets saw awful destruction.
Nothing was more important to them
than protecting their nation from a
rearmed Germany and rebuilding their
shattered economy.
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An Iron Curtain Falls (cont.)
• The Americans, on the other hand, saw
a booming economy and a thriving
democracy. Many Americans felt they
had a mission to build a free world, with
the United States leading the way.
In Stalin’s view, possession of a ring
of pro-Soviet satellite nations such
as Poland was “not a question of
honor for Russia, but one of life and
death.” What may have prompted
this comment?
Soviet leaders felt they needed a ring
of buffer nations along their western
border to protect Russia against future
attacks.
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Turning Point at Yalta
• Near the end of the war, the Big Three–
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin–met at
the Soviet city of Yalta to work out control
of the postwar world. 
• At Yalta, Stalin agreed to support the
United Nations and to join the fight against
Japan after Germany surrendered. In
exchange, Stalin would receive territories
in Asia.
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Turning Point at Yalta (cont.)
• When agreement broke down over
Germany and Eastern Europe, the three
leaders agreed to joint control of
Germany until a commission could settle
the issue of war payments. With war still
raging in the Pacific, Roosevelt and
Churchill had little choice but to accept
Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe.
Turning Point at Yalta (cont.)
• Roosevelt felt confident that he could win
Stalin’s trust and convince him to relax his
iron grip on Eastern Europe. However, he
died before he had a chance to test this
belief.
How did the Soviets take power in
Eastern Europe?
Soviet armies occupied Eastern
Europe on their march into Germany.
With the war still raging in the Pacific,
Roosevelt and Churchill had no means
of forcing Stalin to give up control of
the region.
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Truman Comes to Power
• Truman, who had little international
experience when he assumed the
presidency, stepped forward to support
formation of the United Nations and to
resolve control of Germany.
Truman Comes to Power (cont.)
• Truman assumed a get-tough attitude at
Potsdam that would become a trademark
of his cold war diplomacy. Despite this
attitude, the leaders worked out an
agreement to carve Germany and the
capital of Berlin into four zones controlled
by France, Great Britain, the United
States, and the Soviet Union. Each
occupying nation would take war
payments from its zone.
Truman Comes to Power (cont.)
Truman Comes to Power (cont.)
• As Truman’s and Stalin’s mistrust of one
another grew, they began to see the world
as divided into two camps–one dominated
by capitalism, the other by communism. 
• In 1946 Stalin declared that capitalism
was a danger to world peace. Truman
responded by adopting the policy of
containment suggested by George
Kennan. Churchill added fuel to the fire
with his “iron curtain” speech and urged
a show of strength against the Soviets.
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Do you think Roosevelt could have
negotiated more effectively with Stalin
had he lived?
Possible answer: Agree–Roosevelt
had managed to force compromises
out of Stalin in the past. Disagree–
Stalin had refused to back down on
Germany and Eastern Europe in
talks with Roosevelt at Yalta.
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Cold War Is Declared
• The start of the cold war marked a long
struggle in which the United States and
Soviet Union would try to block each
other’s goals around the world, using all
tactics short of all-out war.
Cold War Is Declared (cont.)
• The first test of containment came in
Greece and Turkey, which Truman believed
might soon fall under Communist influence.
To prevent Communist takeovers, he
proposed a plan to provide military and
economic aid to all free people who were
“resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or outside pressures.” 
• The so-called Truman Doctrine defined
United States foreign policy for the next 20
years. The cold war was not just a struggle
for territory but a fight between two
opposing world views.
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Cold War Is Declared (cont.)
• To prevent the Communists from making
gains in war-torn Europe, the United
States implemented the Marshall Plan,
named after Secretary of State George
Marshall. The plan provided massive
amounts of financial aid to help European
nations rebuild their infrastructures and
economies.
Cold War Is Declared (cont.)
• The Soviet Union, which was included in
the Marshall Plan, rejected the aid.
Because the money had to be spent on
American goods, Soviet leaders charged
that the aid strengthened United States
capitalism at the expense of European
freedom.
Cold War Is Declared (cont.)
What economic reasons did the
United States have for stopping the
spread of communism?
The United States wanted to have
free access to the markets of the
world.
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Main Idea
Use a diagram like the one below to show
how differing world views paved the way
for a cold war between the United States
and Soviet Union.
Vocabulary
Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate
term in the right column.
b 1. the United States-Soviet
__
conflict that followed World
War II in which the two
powers avoided military
confrontation but opposed
each other’s political and
economic goals
a. containment
b. cold war
a 2. after Wold War II, the United
__
States policy of securing the
peace by trying to contain
communism, or keep it from
expanding beyond its current
borders
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Checking Facts
What was the toll taken in Russian
life and property during World
War II? Which six Eastern
European nations did Stalin
demand control over at Yalta?
More than 20 million died, and 25
million lost their homes and
livelihood. Poland, Romania,
Bulgaria, Austria, Hungary, and
Czechoslovakia were the six nations
Stalin demanded control over.
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Checking Facts
Describe the commitment of the
United States to rebuild Europe
as part of the Marshall Plan.
The United States pledged
billions of dollars to European
reconstruction.
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Critical Thinking
Making Comparisons Why did the
Soviets prefer Roosevelt’s style of
diplomacy to Truman’s?
Truman dealt with the Soviets from
a position of distrust. Roosevelt
wanted to work with the Soviets.
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The Cold War Deepens
Main Idea
Both the Soviets and Chinese Communists tested
the United States policy of containment, triggering
a dangerous arms race and the Korean War. 
Vocabulary
• land reform 
• limited war
• arms race 
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The Cold War Deepens
Read to Find Out . . .
• the causes of the Berlin blockade and the
Communist takeover of China and the effect of
each event on United States foreign policy. 
• how the Korean War strengthened the powers
of the presidency and the United States military.
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To guard cargo shipments into Berlin,
Truman stationed 60 United States B-29s–
planes capable of delivering atomic bombs–
in England. The President was bluffing; the
planes carried no bombs. But at the time,
nobody knew for sure–including the Soviets.
Berlin Crisis
• Since the end of the war, Soviet and
American plans for Germany had put the
two nations on a collision course. Unable
to find a common ground, the United
States, Great Britain, and France laid the
basis for a free West German state with
strong economic ties to the rest of Europe.
Berlin Crisis (cont.)
• The introduction of a common currency in
the three western zones and West Berlin
enraged the Soviets, who demanded that
Western leaders scrap their currency plan
or accept a Soviet currency in eastern
Germany and all of Berlin. 
• When Western leaders went ahead with
their plan, the Soviets imposed a blockade
around Berlin. Taking advantage of a 1945
agreement to keep three air corridors open
to Berlin, Truman organized a massive
airlift into West Berlin.
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Berlin Crisis (cont.)
• World opinion turned against the Soviet
Union for starving innocent people to
achieve its ends. The United States, on
the other hand, won the goodwill of many
West Germans, melting wartime hatreds.
Berlin Crisis (cont.)
• In 1949, with cold war tensions rising, the
United States, Canada, and 10 European
nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), a military alliance to
prevent Soviet invasion of Western
Europe. In 1955 the Soviet Union
matched NATO with the Warsaw Pact–a
Soviet-Eastern European alliance planted
squarely across the iron curtain.
Berlin Crisis (cont.)
How did United States membership
in NATO mark a departure from its
traditional pre-World War II foreign
policy?
Membership in NATO drew the
United States into an “entangling
alliance” with Europe.
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The Cold War in Asia
• World War II caused nations throughout
Asia to seek independence. Stretched
thin by the job of rebuilding at home,
Great Britain gave in to demands for
freedom in India and Pakistan–which later
split into Pakistan and Bangladesh. The
Dutch did the same in Indonesia. 
• Meanwhile, a civil war raged in China
between the Nationalist forces of Jiang
Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) and the
Communist forces of Mao Zedong
(Mao Tse-tung).
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The Cold War in Asia (cont.)
• The war grew, in part, out of broken
promises by the Nationalists to institute
land reforms when they took power in
1910. Only the Japanese invasion during
World War II had caused a temporary
alliance between the warring armies.
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)
• Late in 1945 Truman sent George
Marshall to find a way to end the fighting,
but both Mao and Jiang wanted to control
China alone. Truman made a decision to
back the Nationalists, but the aid came
too late. Corruption and refusal to enact
land reforms made Jiang’s war-tattered
army vulnerable to defeat.
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)
• In December 1949 the Nationalists fled
to the island of Taiwan, which seemed in
the eyes of many to be a failure of
containment. The National Security
Council urged the President to support
the remaining friendly governments in
Asia, including Vietnam.
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)
The Cold War in Asia (cont.)
• Events in Berlin and China unnerved
everybody–including Truman. A highlevel defense study–National Security
Council Report NSC-68–suggested
beginning a massive buildup of
weapons to stay ahead of the Soviet
Union. The nation now embarked on
a dangerous arms race.
What was the link between the
Communist victory in China and
the arms race?
Sample answer: Many American
leaders saw the Communists posed
for an attempt at world domination
and wanted to be prepared.
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Hot War Flares in Korea
• Korea, which had been brutally ruled by
Japan since 1910, suffered a fate much
like Germany. At the end of the war, it was
divided at the 38th parallel, leaving a
Communist government in the north and
a pro-Western government in the South. 
• On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops
followed Soviet-made tanks across the
38th parallel. Truman, who saw the
assault as a test of containment, ordered
air and naval forces to Korea without the
approval of Congress. He then sought
help from the UN.
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Hot War Flares in Korea (cont.)
• With the Soviet delegate absent from the
Security Council, the UN backed
Truman’s request. UN troops, led by the
United States, drove the North Koreans
back to the 38th parallel. Smelling victory,
MacArthur persuaded Truman to let him
attempt to unify Korea.
Hot War Flares in Korea (cont.)
• With North Korean troops pinned against
the Chinese border at the Yula River,
MacArthur ignored warnings from Mao to
back off and crossed into China. The
action drew Chinese troops into the
conflict, which pushed UN forces back
across the 38th parallel. 
• During the ensuing stalemate, MacArthur
openly criticized Truman for refusing to
use nuclear weapons against North
Korea. Truman defended his policy of
limited war and fired MacArthur.
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Hot War Flares in Korea (cont.)
• Fighting in Korea dragged on until the
next President, Dwight D. Eisenhower,
oversaw a ceasefire.
Hot War Flares in Korea (cont.)
Why do you think Truman jumped so
quickly into the Korean conflict?
Sample answer: After China, he did
not want to risk another failure at
containment in Asia.
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The Korean War’s Impact
• The Korean War settled little. Korea
remained divided geographically and
politically in much the same way as
before the war. 
• However, the war had long-lasting effects
on the United States. It convinced
Americans to back a huge military buildup
and to overlook the fact that Truman had
never sought a formal declaration of war
from Congress–a fact that greatly
enhanced the power of the presidency.
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What precedent did Truman set
for the future?
Truman laid the groundwork
for Presidents to launch other
undeclared wars.
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Main Idea
Use a chart like the one below to show
Communist challenges to containment
and the United States response.
Vocabulary
Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate
term in the right column.
__
a 1. redistribution of property
to land-poor peasants
a. land reform
__
c 2. beginning in the Truman
era, a policy of avoiding
global war by confining
the fighting to one area
and using conventional
weapons, not nuclear
power
c. limited war
b. arms race
__
b 3. competition between the
United States and the
Soviet Union for greater
military strength
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Checking Facts
What does the acronym NATO
stand for? What was the name
of NATO’s Soviet counterpart?
NATO stands for North Atlantic
Treaty Organization. The Warsaw
Pact was the name of NATO’s Soviet
counterpart.
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Checking Facts
Why did Truman fire General
MacArthur?
MacArthur publicly criticized
Truman’s policy of limited war.
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Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions How might a
Nationalist victory in the Chinese civil
war have affected the outcome of the
Korean conflict?
If Chinese Nationalists had won, the
United States might have fought an
offensive war supporting South
Korea instead of a defensive one
against North Korea.
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Cold War in the Atomic Age
Main Idea
Soviet nuclear tests and the launching of a Soviet
satellite made the arms race more deadly–and
peace more imperative–than at any time in history.

Vocabulary
• massive retaliation  • military-industrial
complex
• brinkmanship 
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Cold War in the Atomic Age
Read to Find Out . . .
• how the Soviet atomic bomb affected United
States society and the arms race. 
• reasons for the policy of massive retaliation and
how it helped spur the growth of a disarmament
movement. 
• how Sputnik brought far-reaching changes to
the United States.
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To prepare for nuclear war, some schools
issued military-style dog tags to identify
children after an attack.
Living With Fear
• The dawn of the atomic age terrified
Americans. To help calm the public’s
jangled nerves, Truman organized the
Federal Civilian Defense Administration
to show people they could survive a
nuclear war. 
• Americans learned how to build bomb
shelters, how to keep from panicking,
how to cope with radiation injuries, and
more.
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Living With Fear (cont.)
• Scary as nuclear bombs were, most
Americans thought the best way to
prevent nuclear war was to have more
and better bombs than the Soviets. After
a heated debate, Truman ordered
scientists to develop a deadly hydrogen
bomb, a superbomb.
“There is only one thing worse than
one nation having an atomic bomb,”
said one scientist in 1949. “That’s
two nations having it.” How does this
remark reflect the thinking of
Americans in the late 1940s?
With the United States and the
Soviet Union both in possession of
the bomb, people saw nuclear war
as a real possibility.
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Eisenhower Elected
• Eisenhower walked into the presidency at
the height of cold war tensions: China had
just fallen, the Korean War dragged on,
and the H-bomb heated up the arms race.
Yet people trusted that “Ike” would lead
the country through dangerous times. 
• The death of Stalin and Eisenhower’s
bluffs about a nuclear attack led
Communist delegates to seek a
resolution to the Korean War.
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Eisenhower Elected (cont.)
• Eisenhower found in John Foster Dulles a
secretary of state who equaled his own
fierce anti-communism and command of
world affairs.
What advantages did Eisenhower
have over Truman in negotiating with
Communists?
Sample answer: Eisenhower was a
war-tested general who at first caused
many Communist leaders to wonder
about how far he might go militarily to
support United States goals.
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A New Strategy
• Instead of depending on costly armies
and navies to limit wars as Truman did,
Eisenhower relied on cheaper air power
and nuclear weapons. Under a program
called the New Look, he reduced the
manpower of the army and navy, while
increasing the number of air force
personnel.
A New Strategy (cont.)
• To put teeth into the scaled-down military,
Eisenhower and Dulles pledged to meet
aggression with massive retaliation–an
instant nuclear attack. To back up this
tough stance, they circled the Soviet
Union and China with American military
bases and allies.
A New Strategy (cont.)
• Critics dubbed the new foreign policy
brinkmanship–the art of never backing
down from a crisis. It posed two dangers:
(1) It gave the United States only two
choices–either fight a nuclear battle or do
nothing. (2) It also led the Soviets to
develop more powerful bombs, creating
what Churchill called a “balance of terror.
What did Eisenhower mean when he
told Americans his defense plan
provided “a bigger bang for the buck.”
Sample answer: He had scaled back
the size and expense of the military
while beefing up the nation’s nuclear
capacity.
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Eisenhower Wages Peace
• While Eisenhower used the war machine
to curb Communist aggression, he also
worked for peace. On the one hand he
approved the explosion of the biggest Hbomb ever tested; on the other hand he
proposed the “atoms for peace” plan to
the UN.
Eisenhower Wages Peace (cont.)
• The radioactive fallout from H-bomb tests
led people worldwide to clamor for a halt
in the arms race. Eisenhower met with
Soviet leaders Nikolay Bulganin and
Nikita Khrushchev in Geneva,
Switzerland, to discuss disarmament.
Although the conference yielded few
results, the two powers were talking
again.
Eisenhower Wages Peace (cont.)
How did the arms race become a
global issue?
Nuclear testing caused radioactive
fallout that knew no borders and
drifted worldwide.
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The Deep Freeze Returns
• The thaw in relations was short-lived.
Two events revived tensions: (1) In 1956
Khrushchev ordered troops to crush an
uprising in Hungary. (2) In 1957 the
Soviets launched Sputnik, leading the
United States to launch the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA)–the start of the space race.
The Deep Freeze Returns (cont.)
The Deep Freeze Returns (cont.)
• Pressure to rein in arms production
remained strong. In 1957 a group of
business, scientific, and publishing
leaders organized SANE–the Committee
for a Sane Nuclear Policy–to lobby for
arms reductions. That same year the
publication of On the Beach whipped up
public support for a halt in H-bomb tests.
The Deep Freeze Returns (cont.)
• In 1963 the United States and the Soviet
Union bowed to a growing world outcry
and signed a test-ban treaty prohibiting
nuclear testing in the atmosphere.
However, the treaty permitted tests
underground and in outer space. 
• By the end of his presidency, Eisenhower
had become deeply concerned about the
power of the military-industrial
complex–the vast, interwoven military
establishment and arms industry.
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The Deep Freeze Returns (cont.)
What threats did the military-industrial
complex pose to democracy?
Possible answer: Eisenhower believed
the military-industrial complex would
have a higher stake in war than in
peace.
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Main Idea
Use a diagram like the one below to show
ways in which the arms race became more
deadly during the 1950s.
Vocabulary
Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate
term in the right column.
__
b 1. practice of attempting to
a. massive retaliation
keep the peace among
b. brinkmanship
nations by letting it be
c. military-industrial
known that one will never
complex
back down and is prepared
to cross the brink of war
__
a 2. the cold war policy of the United States
under which aggression against any ally
would be met with an immediate all-out
nuclear strike
__
c 3. the vast, interwoven military establishment
and arms industry
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Checking Facts
Why did Eisenhower appoint Dulles
as his secretary of state?
Dulles was fiercely anti-Communist
and had over 40 years’ experience in
foreign relations.
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Checking Facts
What steps did the United States
take to close the missile gap after
the launching of Sputnik?
The United States increased
spending for missile development;
launched NASA; built more bombers
and submarines; installed missiles in
Europe; and trained scientists,
engineers, and students.
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Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences In 1961,
Eisenhower predicted the rise of a
military-industrial complex. What are
some possible consequences of an
alliance between industry and the
military?
Some possible consequences of an
alliance between industry and the
military are economic dependence
on military production and temptation
to use stockpiled weapons.
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A New Battleground
Main Idea
Cold war rivalries led the United States and the
Soviet Union to spy on each other and to interfere
in the affairs of developing countries in Asia,
Africa, and Latin America. 
Vocabulary
• emerging nation 
• nationalization
• convert operation 
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A New Battleground
Read to Find Out . . .
• how the United States and Soviet Union
competed for the loyalty of emerging nations. 
• reasons for United States interest in the Middle
East and the policies adopted to protect
American influence in the region. 
• causes and effects of the Cuban missile crisis.
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In the 1970s Senator Frank Church of Idaho
chaired a committee that forced the CIA to
declassify secret documents. These
documents revealed several assassination
plots, most of which failed. The most
frequent target was Fidel Castro.
New Worlds to Conquer
• After World War II, emerging nations in
Asia, Latin America, and Africa shook off
colonial rule and became a cold war
battleground. 
• The United States depended on
developing nations for raw materials and
markets. These nations also provided a
line of defense, if allied with the United
States, against the expansion of
communism.
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New Worlds to Conquer (cont.)
• Many emerging nations, however, did not
want to exchange domination by a
colonial power for domination by a cold
war superpower. 
• Facing resistance from emerging
nations, the United States used many
methods to win friends and wage cold
war, including massive amounts of
foreign aid and covert operations by
the CIA.
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How did the cold war affect United
States policies toward national selfdetermination in the emerging world?
Sample answer: The United States
tended to see struggles for selfdetermination as revolutions directed
by the Soviet Union.
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The CIA Joins the Fight
• In 1947 Congress passed the National
Security Act, which streamlined the
defense system and created the CIA and
the National Security Council (NSC). The
two agencies reported to the President. 
• With increased power and funding, CIA
agents worked behind the scene
worldwide to overthrow neutral or proSoviet governments and to prop up proWestern ones. This resource gave the
White House virtual control over foreign
policy.
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The CIA Joins the Fight (cont.)
How did the CIA affect the
presidency?
It allowed the President to conduct
covert operations without the
approval of Congress.
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The CIA and the Shah
• In 1951 efforts by Iranian prime minister
Dr. Mohammad Mossadeg to nationalize
British oil fields led the British to organize
an international boycott of Iranian oil. 
• Eisenhower saw Iran’s economic chaos
as a breeding ground for communism.
He authorized CIA agent Kermit
Roosevelt to engineer Mossadeg’s
overthrow, while leaving the young Shah,
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, in place.
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The CIA and the Shah (cont.)
• After a series of blunders, Iranian agents
for the CIA ousted Mossadeg. With the
Shah in power, Western oil companies
signed an oil agreement with Iran. The
deal enriched the Shah, ensured the
future of the CIA, and planted the seeds
of Iranian hatred of the United States.
What were the short-term and longterm effects of CIA activities in Iran?
The United States secured Western
access to Iranian oil fields but earned
the hatred of Iranians who saw the
Shah as a United States puppet.
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War in Egypt
• In 1956 the newly independent nation of
Egypt seized the Suez Canal–a vital link
between oil ports along the Persian Gulf
and the Mediterranean. Great Britain,
which had controlled the canal, invaded
Egypt along with France and Israel.
War in Egypt (cont.)
• Fearing that the action would drive the
Middle East into the Soviet camp,
Eisenhower called for a UN resolution
condemning the invasion. Without United
States support, the three American allies
pulled out and the canal was turned over
to Egypt.
War in Egypt (cont.)
• Afraid of growing Soviet influence in the
oil-rich Middle East, Congress approved
the so-called Eisenhower Doctrine–a
policy that promised economic and
military aid to any pro-Western
governments in the region.
Senator J. William Fulbright called
the Eisenhower Doctrine “a blank
grant of power over our funds and
armed forces.” What did he mean?
Possible answer: Fulbright felt the
doctrine allowed the President to act
independently in the Middle East.
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Latin America
• In Latin America nationalists began a
struggle to loosen the grip of United
States firms on their economics. In 1958
Fidel Castro ousted the pro-United States
dictator, Fulgencio Batista. He then
seized American businesses and signed a
trade agreement with Moscow.
Latin America (cont.)
• Eisenhower approved a CIA-backed
invasion of Cuba, which fell to Kennedy to
complete. The Bay of Pigs invasion failed
miserably and exposed an American plot
to overthrow a neighbor’s government. 
• Castro and Khrushchev confronted the
United States by installing Soviet nuclear
missiles and bombers near Havana. In
October 1962 a United States spy plane
discovered the installations.
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Latin America (cont.)
• The so-called Cuban missile crisis
brought the United States and the Soviet
Union to the brink of war. Kennedy
blocked Cuban shipping lanes and
pushed Khrushchev to remove the
missiles. After a tense week, Khrushchev
stepped back.
Latin America (cont.)
Latin America (cont.)
• The standoff forced the United States and
the Soviet Union to accept each other’s
power and to admit the importance of
negotiation. The two nations installed a
hot line to avert future crises, but neither
nation slowed down the arms race.
How did Kennedy’s conduct in
the Cuban missile crisis reflect
a continuation of Eisenhower’s
foreign policy?
Kennedy practiced brinkmanship.
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Main Idea
Use a diagram like the one below to show
why and how the United States became
involved in the affairs of emerging nations.
Vocabulary
Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate
term in the right column.
__
c 1. the process of changing a
a. emerging nation
property or industry from
b. covert operation
private to government
c. nationalization
ownership; after World
War II Iran’s declaration that
its oil fields, with their Britishowned factories, were the
property of Iranian
government
__
a 2. a developing country in Asia,
Latin America, or Africa
__
b 3. a secret or undercover
government mission
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Checking Facts
What sparked the controversy
between Iran and Great Britain
in 1951?
The nationalization of the oil
industry in Iran, which affected
British refineries there, sparked
the controversy between Iran
and Great Britain.
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Checking Facts
Why did Castro’s revolution
threaten United States interests?
Politically, it created a Communist
presence close to the United States.
Economically, it destroyed American
business interests in Cuba.
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Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences How
would the United States benefit if
Castro’s revolution failed?
If Castro’s revolution failed it would
rid the nation of an offshore
Communist outpost that threatened
to export revolution to the Americas.
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