Download Study Guide for Final Exam - SBCC Biological Sciences Department

Bio100 (Dr Paddack) Fall 2016 Study Questions for Final Exam – part 1
Your final exam is WEDNESAY 12/7/16 in our lecture room EBS 301
Bring to exam: 100 question Scranton, #2 pencil, and a well-rested, positive YOU due to great
study habits!
Below are study questions that you should be able to answer from your lecture and reading
notes of the material covered since midterm 3 (lectures # 19 -26). This material will constitute
1/2 of the final exam (50 points), the other 1/2 (50 pts) will be comprehensive (covering the
entire semester). For the comprehensive section, use your 1st two study guides, quizzes &
exams to study from. I have selected highlighted questions from your 1st 3 study guides and put
them below. Be sure to study these especially.
Remember, study effectively. If you score 10% more on this exam than you did on any one of
the 3 midterms, your higher final score will be doubled, and your lowest midterm score will be
dropped. Remember – true learning takes time - study every day!
Lecture 19 (11/2/16): Kingdom Animalia: Invertebrates (con’t Ch 18) & Vertebrates (Ch 19)
1. Phylum Arthropoda has > 1 million species – it is the most successful animal phylum.
List & briefly explain the 3 evolutionary advances they have that have led to their
success.
2. Class Insecta is the group that has most of the species within the Phylum Arthropoda.
What is it about their wings that make them even more successful than other flying
animals (birds, bats)?
3. Insects have short generation times & large numbers of offspring. How does this help
them be so successful (think Natural Selection…)?
4. List 5 characteristics unique to Phylum Echinodermata (sea stars, etc.)
5. List the 5 characteristics that define Phylum Chordata.
6. List the 4 characteristics that set vertebrates apart within Phylum Chordata.
7. List the 7 evolutionary advances within Subphylum Vertebrata and provide the Class of
vertebrate that first exhibited each.
8. Distinguish the 4 classes of fishes.
9. What 2 unique advances does Class Amphibia display?
10. List 7 characteristics of Class Reptilia.
11. Describe the amniotic egg & explain why it was so important to the success of reptiles &
the groups that followed.
12. List 4 characteristics of Class Aves (birds) that illustrate their reptilian heritage.
13. Describe 3 characteristics of birds that are adaptations for flight.
Lecture 20 (11/9/16): Class Mammalia; Human Evolution (Ch 19)
1. What event, and approximately how long ago, occurred that allowed Mammals to
become so successful?
2. List 7 characteristics that define Class Mammalia.
3. List 4 characteristics that define Order Primate & explain how each are helpful for an
arboreal (tree-dwelling) lifestyle.
4. What major evolutionary advance can be found in Anthropoids? What does this allow?
5. How do monkeys differ from apes in terms of tail, arm/leg length, & brain size?
6. What 2 traits distinguish humans from other primates?
7. Which primate is 99% genetically similar to humans?
8. Where did our genus (Homo) begin?
Lecture 21 (11/14/16): Anatomy & Physiology Overview (Ch 20)
1. Define anatomy
2. Define physiology
3. Why is the form (anatomy) often not the ‘perfect’ form for a particular function?
4. List the 5 levels of biological hierarchy & define each.
5. List 3 different major types of tissue.
6. Describe the structure & function & provide an example of where in the body each type
of epithelial tissue occurs: a) simple squamous epithelium, b) simple cuboidal
epithelium, c) simple columnar epithelium, d) stratified squamous epithelium
7. Describe the general structure of connective tissue, noting its main components.
8. List the 6 different types of connective tissue & state what type of matrix each has &
what the function of each type is.
9. Muscles are made of long cells called muscle fibers, each containing many molecules of
_________________ proteins.
10. List the 3 types of muscle tissue, state whether they are under voluntary or involuntary
control, and note one place each type is found within an animal.
Lecture 22 (11/16/16): Quiz & exam 3 review (no lecture material)
Lecture 23 (11/21/16): Nerve Tissue; Organ Systems; Nervous System; Respiration (Ch 20)
1. List the 4 types of tissues.
2. Label this nerve cell (neuron) diagram correctly with the following parts of the nerve cell
(neuron): cell body, dendrite, axon, nucleus, myelin sheath (Schwann cells), synapse
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Why do neurons have so many branching extensions (dendrites) off the cell body?
Neurons are outnumbered by glia cells. List 4 different functions of the glial cells.
Define organ & organ system.
Define homeostasis
Which organ system is most strongly involved in maintaining homeostasis?
Provide the basic components and overall function of each of the following organ
systems: endocrine, nervous, circulatory, respiratory.
9. What type of nervous system and body symmetry do Cnidarians (jellyfish, anemones,
etc) and adult Echinoderms (seastars, urchins, etc) have?
10. Bilateral symmetry allows cephalization, as well as distinguishing the nervous system
into a central & peripheral system. Note which part of the system is involved in each
step: sensory input, integration, motor output.
11. Why do respiratory surfaces have to remain wet or moist?
12. Define diffusion and use it to explain gas exchange across a cell membrane.
13. What types of organisms undergo respiration simply by diffusion across their cell
membranes or skin?
14. What types of organisms have gills?
15. Define the parts of the gill: gill arch, gill filaments, lamellae.
16. Why are there so many gill arches, gill filaments, and lamellae?
17. Describe the countercurrent exchange system of the gills. Why is it better?
Lecture 24 (11/23/16): Respiration (Ch 22.1-22.7); Population Ecology (Ch 36)
1. How do lungs & insect trachea system fundamentally differ from gills?
2. Describe the insect trachea system for breathing.
3. Follow the pathway of air in a vertebrate with lungs, noting the anatomical feature of
each step.
4. How do air-breathing organisms maintain the critical moist environment required for
the diffusion of gases across membranes?
5. Define population, and population density
6. List 3 reasons why it is important to study population ecology.
7. List the 3 different dispersion patterns of organisms. Provide an example for each.
Provide a reason for each distribution pattern.
8. What is a life table?
9. Recognize the 3 different survivorship curves, provide an example of organism that fits
each curve.
10. Life tables can be used to predict growth rates of a population. Explain how the age
structure of a population can affect the population growth rate.
11. Draw a graph of exponential population growth. When does this occur?
12. Draw a graph of logistic population growth. Locate & define carrying capacity.
13. What causes the shape of the logistic growth model of populations?
14. What can cause erratic population sizes?
15. What can cause cyclical population sizes?
16. Differentiate between density-dependent and density-independent factors that regulate
populations and provide 4 examples within each type.
17. Define ecological footprint.
18. What is your ecological footprint?
19. Why should we care about ecological footprints?
Lecture 25 (11/28/16): Community Ecology (Ch 37)
1. Define community.
2. Species diversity is determined by 2 things – what are they? Explain how two
communities with the same # of species can have very different species diversity.
3. Create a basic food web, listing at least 3 trophic levels and including decomposers.
4. What is the role of decomposers? Which organisms are decomposers?
5. Define ecological niche.
6. How can an ecological niche of a species be limited by biotic interactions?
7. Differentiate between direct & indirect interactions among species.
8. Define foundation species and provide an example.
9. Define trophic cascade
10. Define keystone species & provide an example, noting how they can cause a trophic
cascade.
11. How can predation help to maintain high species diversity?
12. How can disturbance within a community maintain high species diversity (discuss it in
terms of succession)?
13. Define ecosystem service.
14. Provide an example of 1 way humans are causing a loss of an ecosystem service.
Lecture 26 (11/30/16): Biodiversity Loss & Conservation Biology (Ch 38)
1. Describe the 3 components that make up biodiversity.
2. List 3 reasons to care about biodiversity.
3. List & briefly explain the 4 components of ecosystem services, providing an example of
each
4. List the 5 major causes of biodiversity loss & provide a specific example for each one on
how it harms biodiversity.
5. Define conservation biology. What types of knowledge does it require?
6. Briefly describe how each of the following can protect threatened populations or
ecosystems: limited take, protected areas, zoned reserves, wildlife corridors,
ecotourism/citizen science.
7. Why are reserve networks potentially more helpful than individual reserves?
8. Define restoration ecology.
9. Provide an example of a successful captive breeding & re-release program.
10. Describe 3 different ways that have been used to return ecosystems to a more natural &
more functional state.
11. Define sustainable development. Provide an example, noting how/why it is important.
Cummulative Exam Questions
From Study Guide 1 (Lectures 1-8)
1. Know the 5 steps of the scientific method are and what each means.
2. Be able to list and recognize the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Know which organisms are included in each type.
3. Be able to identify and state the basic structure & function of each of the following parts
of all eukaryotic cells: plasma membrane, cytosol, cytoskeleton, DNA, ribosome,
nucleus, smooth & rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria.
4. Know the basic equations for photosynthesis & for cellular respiration.
5. Be able to identify the following structures of plants & state the function of each:
stomata, mesophyll cells, chloroplast, thylakoid, stroma, chlorophyll.
6. List the 2 stages of photosynthesis, noting what each stage does and what comes out of
it.
7. Draw a carbon atom, identifying each part of it.
8. Explain why carbon is the building block of life – ie, why 1 C atom can form 4 bonds.
9. List the 4 types of organic molecules, know the elements that each is composed of and
examples of what functions each type serves.
10. What is ATP? What process creates it? What is it used for?
From Study Guide 2 (Lectures 9-13)
1. Know what mitosis is, why it occurs, which cells undergo it, and what the 2 main stages
of it are.
2. Define meiosis & state how the end result of it differs from that of mitosis. Know when,
in what organisms/cells, and why it occurs.
3. Define: DNA, RNA, gene, allele, trait
4. Be able to determine genotype and phenotype of an offspring using a Punnet Square.
5. List & briefly explain the 3 steps of DNA replication.
6. Define Natural Selection, listing the 3 conditions necessary for it to occur.
7. Know what the ultimate source of genetic diversity is.
From Study Guide 3 (Lectures 14-19)
1. Define each of the following definitions of a species being sure to note how they differ:
Biological species concept, morphological species concept, ecological species concept,
phylogenetic species concept.
2. Define microevolution and macroevolution and be able to state processes that drive
each.
3. Describe the environment of early Earth (pre-life) and the steps that have been
hypothesized regarding how Life first formed (Abiotic Synthesis Hypothesis).
4. Know what a phylogenetic tree is, what is shows, how they are created, and how to
interpret it.
5. Know each of the 5 Kingdoms, stating how each is unique and what types of organisms
are found within each.
6. Describe what the Greenhouse Gas Effect is & why it is important for life on Earth.
7. Describe how/why the current climate change is occurring & 2 ways that it differs from
previous climate shifts over geologic history.
8. Provide 3 different examples of how climate change is impacting organisms on our
planet.
9. List 7 Invertebrate Phyla, providing examples of animals within each, and describe the
characteristics that make each unique.