Download Physiology Unit Key

Physiology Unit Key
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Epithelial; Dense sheets of cells
Lines surface of body, organs,
cavities; protection, absorption,
secretion
Stratified
Simple
Pseudostratified
Cuboidal (cube)
Squamous (flat)
Columnar (columns)
Basement Membrane
Connective; Bind and support
Collagenous fibers, elastic
fibers, reticular fibers
Fibrous Connective Tissue
Tendons
Attach muscle to bone
Ligaments
Attach bone to bone at joints
Loose Connective Tissue
“Packing Material”/Filler
Bone
Structure and support
Osteoblast
Deposit collagen matrix
Osteon
Repeating unit of bone
Cartilage
Flexible support
Chondrocyte
Secrete chondroitin sulfate and
collagen
Blood
Plasma
Liquid matrix for transport
Erythrocyte/red blood cell
Gas exchange
Leukocyte/white blood cell
Defense against pathogens
Platelet
Blood clotting
Adipose tissue
Stores fat for padding,
insulation, and fuel
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary contraction
Intercalated disk
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Relay signal to sync heartbeat
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary contractions
Skeletal Muscle
Striated Muscle
Voluntary contractions for movement
Sarcomere (contractile units)
Nervous; Detect, process and transmit
signals/information
Neuron
Cell Body (metabolism)
Process
Dendrite
Receives information
Axon
Transmit information
Integumentary; Insulation,
thermoregulation, protect from
mechanical injury,
invaders/pathogens, drying out
Epidermis
Dermis
Skin
Hypodermis
Adipose Tissue
Oil Gland
Sebaceous Gland
Discharges sebum
Nerve
Sweat pore
Sweat gland
Hair Follicle
Blood Vessels
Vasodilation
Increase diameter/blood flow,
increases heat loss
Vasoconstriction
Decrease diameter/blood flow,
prevents heat loss
Endotherm
Heat from metabolism
Ectotherm
Heat from environment
Radiation
Heat from Electromagnetic waves
Convection
Transfer of heat by air or liquid
84. Evaporation
85. Loss of heat from liquid surface
when vaporizing
86. Conduction
87. Direct contact heat exchange
88. Countercurrent heat exchanger
89. Reduce heat loss
90. Digestive/GI; Food Processing
91. Oral cavity
92. Ingestion, mastication
93. Tongue
94. Taste, manipulate/shape, move
food
95. Bolus (ball of food)
96. Epiglottis
97. Blocks glottis, guides bolus into
esophagus
98. Glottis
99. Pharynx
100. Salivary glands
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Secretes saliva
Mucin
Protects mouth, lubricates food
Buffer
Neutralizes acid preventing tooth
decay
Antibacterial
Kill bacteria
Salivary amylase
Hydrolyzes starch, glycogen
Esophagus
Conducts food by peristalsis
Cardiac orifice
Prevents backflow of acid chyme
Stomach
Stores food,
mechanical/chemical digestion
Pyloric Sphincter
Regulates passage of chyme into
intestine
Duodenum
Mixes acid chyme with digestive
juices from different sources
Liver
Production of bile
Bile salts
23. Helps digestion and absorption
of fats
24. Gallbladder
25. Stores and releases bile
26. Pancreas
27. Hydrolytic enzymes
28. Bicarbonate
29. Neutralizes acid chyme
30. Small intestine
31. Jejenum
32. Chemical digestion; absorption
of nutrients
33. Ileum
34. Appendix
35. Cecum
36. Large intestine
37. Colon
38. Reabsorb water
39. Rectum
40. Stores feces
41. Anus
42. Gastric Gland
43. Secretes gastric juice
44. Mucus cell
45. Secretes mucus
46. Lubricates/protects stomach
lining
47. Parietal cell
48. Chief Cell
49. Pepsinogen
50. HCl
51. Pepsin
52. Hydrolyze proteins
53. Villi
54. Microvilli
55. Increases surface area for
absorption
56. Lacteal
57. Lymph Vessel
58. Blood vessels
59. Leads to hepatic portal vein
60. Leads to the liver
61. Ovary
62. Follicle
63. Contains egg cell
64. Follicle cell
65. Nourish and protect egg
66. Corpus luteum
67. Secretes estrogens and
progesterone
68. Oviduct
69. Fallopian tube
70. Guides egg to uterus
71. Uterus
72. Holds fetus
73. Uterine Wall
74. Stretches and Contracts
75. Endometrium
76. Blood vessels to nourish embryo
77. Cervix
78. Vagina
79. Sperm repository; birth canal
80. Vestibule
81. Vulva/External female genitalia
82. Labia minora
83. Labia majora
84. Encloses and protects labia
minora and vestibule
85. Clitoris
86. Sexual stimulation
87. Shaft
88. Glans/head
89. Prepuce
90. Bartholin’s Gland
91. Secretes mucus for intercourse
92. Scrotum
93. Thermoregulation; Hold Testes
94. Testes
95. Seminiferous tubules
96. Formation of sperm
97. Leydig cells
98. Produce androgens and
testosterone
99. Epididymis
100. Sperm maturation
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Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
Secretes 60% of semen volume
mucus
coagulating enzyme
fructose
Energy for sperm
Prostaglandins
Thins mucus; stimulate uterine
contractions
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Ejaculatory duct
Prostate Gland
Secretes prostatic fluid
Anticoagulant enzymes
Citrate
Nutrition for sperm
Bulbourethral glands
Secretes acid neutralizer
Urethra
Penis
Shaft containing erectile tissue
Head/Glans penis
Prepuce/foreskin
Circulatory System; Internal
distribution of material
2 Chambers; 1 Circuit
Fish
3 Chambers; 2 circuits; some mixing
of O2 rich/poor blood
Amphibians
3 Chambers w/ septum; 2 circuits;
reduced mixing of O2 blood
Reptiles except birds
4 Chambers; 2 circuits; Complete
segregation of blood
Birds and Mammals
Right Ventricle
Pumps oxygen-poor blood to lungs
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary artery
Capillary beds in lungs
Loads O2, unloads CO2
Pulmonary veins
Returns oxygen-rich blood to heart
Left atrium
Atrioventricular valve
Left ventricle
Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body
Aorta
Supplies oxygen-rich blood to heart,
anterior, posterior circuits
Anterior/Superior Vena Cava
Returns oxygen-poor blood to heart
Posterior/Inferior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Collects oxygen-poor blood
Anterior Systemic Circuit
Pulmonary Circuit
Posterior Systemic Circuit
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Artery
Delivers blood from the heart
Arteriole
Capillary
Increases cross-sectional area
Slows blood flow for diffusion
Endothelium
Enhance blood flow
Basement membrane
Smooth muscle
Controls blood flow
Connective tissue
Venule
Vein
Delivers blood to the heart
Valve
Prevents backflow of blood
Sinoatrial node/Pacemaker
Generates signal to contract
Atrioventricular node
Delays signal to allow emptying
of atria
Heart apex
Electrocardiogram
Respiratory System; Gas
exchange (O2 in; CO2 out)
Nasal cavity
Filters, warms, humidifies,
smells air
Pharynx
Larynx, Voice box
Uses vocal cords for sound
Trachea, windpipe
Bronchi
Mucus
Traps foreign substances
Cilia
Sweep foreign substances to
digestive system
Bronchioles
Lung
Diaphragm
Contracts and relaxes to breath
Alveoli, Air sacs, Respiratory
surface
Moist, high surface area for gas
exchange
Leads to pulmonary vein
Comes from pulmonary artery
97. CO2 Transport from Tissues
98. Tissue Cell
99. CO2 produced by cellular
respiration
100. Interstitial Fluid
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7% CO2 dissolved in plasma
CO2 in red blood cell
Hemoglobin
23% CO2 in amino acid groups
70% of CO2 becomes carbonic
acid
Bicarbonate
CO2 transport to lungs
CO2
Alveolar space in lung
Heme group with iron
Bohr Effect
Lower pH due to increased CO2
Increased O2 release from
hemoglobin