Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Physiology Unit Key 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. Epithelial; Dense sheets of cells Lines surface of body, organs, cavities; protection, absorption, secretion Stratified Simple Pseudostratified Cuboidal (cube) Squamous (flat) Columnar (columns) Basement Membrane Connective; Bind and support Collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers Fibrous Connective Tissue Tendons Attach muscle to bone Ligaments Attach bone to bone at joints Loose Connective Tissue “Packing Material”/Filler Bone Structure and support Osteoblast Deposit collagen matrix Osteon Repeating unit of bone Cartilage Flexible support Chondrocyte Secrete chondroitin sulfate and collagen Blood Plasma Liquid matrix for transport Erythrocyte/red blood cell Gas exchange Leukocyte/white blood cell Defense against pathogens Platelet Blood clotting Adipose tissue Stores fat for padding, insulation, and fuel Cardiac Muscle Involuntary contraction Intercalated disk 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. Relay signal to sync heartbeat Smooth Muscle Involuntary contractions Skeletal Muscle Striated Muscle Voluntary contractions for movement Sarcomere (contractile units) Nervous; Detect, process and transmit signals/information Neuron Cell Body (metabolism) Process Dendrite Receives information Axon Transmit information Integumentary; Insulation, thermoregulation, protect from mechanical injury, invaders/pathogens, drying out Epidermis Dermis Skin Hypodermis Adipose Tissue Oil Gland Sebaceous Gland Discharges sebum Nerve Sweat pore Sweat gland Hair Follicle Blood Vessels Vasodilation Increase diameter/blood flow, increases heat loss Vasoconstriction Decrease diameter/blood flow, prevents heat loss Endotherm Heat from metabolism Ectotherm Heat from environment Radiation Heat from Electromagnetic waves Convection Transfer of heat by air or liquid 84. Evaporation 85. Loss of heat from liquid surface when vaporizing 86. Conduction 87. Direct contact heat exchange 88. Countercurrent heat exchanger 89. Reduce heat loss 90. Digestive/GI; Food Processing 91. Oral cavity 92. Ingestion, mastication 93. Tongue 94. Taste, manipulate/shape, move food 95. Bolus (ball of food) 96. Epiglottis 97. Blocks glottis, guides bolus into esophagus 98. Glottis 99. Pharynx 100. Salivary glands 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Secretes saliva Mucin Protects mouth, lubricates food Buffer Neutralizes acid preventing tooth decay Antibacterial Kill bacteria Salivary amylase Hydrolyzes starch, glycogen Esophagus Conducts food by peristalsis Cardiac orifice Prevents backflow of acid chyme Stomach Stores food, mechanical/chemical digestion Pyloric Sphincter Regulates passage of chyme into intestine Duodenum Mixes acid chyme with digestive juices from different sources Liver Production of bile Bile salts 23. Helps digestion and absorption of fats 24. Gallbladder 25. Stores and releases bile 26. Pancreas 27. Hydrolytic enzymes 28. Bicarbonate 29. Neutralizes acid chyme 30. Small intestine 31. Jejenum 32. Chemical digestion; absorption of nutrients 33. Ileum 34. Appendix 35. Cecum 36. Large intestine 37. Colon 38. Reabsorb water 39. Rectum 40. Stores feces 41. Anus 42. Gastric Gland 43. Secretes gastric juice 44. Mucus cell 45. Secretes mucus 46. Lubricates/protects stomach lining 47. Parietal cell 48. Chief Cell 49. Pepsinogen 50. HCl 51. Pepsin 52. Hydrolyze proteins 53. Villi 54. Microvilli 55. Increases surface area for absorption 56. Lacteal 57. Lymph Vessel 58. Blood vessels 59. Leads to hepatic portal vein 60. Leads to the liver 61. Ovary 62. Follicle 63. Contains egg cell 64. Follicle cell 65. Nourish and protect egg 66. Corpus luteum 67. Secretes estrogens and progesterone 68. Oviduct 69. Fallopian tube 70. Guides egg to uterus 71. Uterus 72. Holds fetus 73. Uterine Wall 74. Stretches and Contracts 75. Endometrium 76. Blood vessels to nourish embryo 77. Cervix 78. Vagina 79. Sperm repository; birth canal 80. Vestibule 81. Vulva/External female genitalia 82. Labia minora 83. Labia majora 84. Encloses and protects labia minora and vestibule 85. Clitoris 86. Sexual stimulation 87. Shaft 88. Glans/head 89. Prepuce 90. Bartholin’s Gland 91. Secretes mucus for intercourse 92. Scrotum 93. Thermoregulation; Hold Testes 94. Testes 95. Seminiferous tubules 96. Formation of sperm 97. Leydig cells 98. Produce androgens and testosterone 99. Epididymis 100. Sperm maturation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Vas deferens Seminal vesicles Secretes 60% of semen volume mucus coagulating enzyme fructose Energy for sperm Prostaglandins Thins mucus; stimulate uterine contractions 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. Ejaculatory duct Prostate Gland Secretes prostatic fluid Anticoagulant enzymes Citrate Nutrition for sperm Bulbourethral glands Secretes acid neutralizer Urethra Penis Shaft containing erectile tissue Head/Glans penis Prepuce/foreskin Circulatory System; Internal distribution of material 2 Chambers; 1 Circuit Fish 3 Chambers; 2 circuits; some mixing of O2 rich/poor blood Amphibians 3 Chambers w/ septum; 2 circuits; reduced mixing of O2 blood Reptiles except birds 4 Chambers; 2 circuits; Complete segregation of blood Birds and Mammals Right Ventricle Pumps oxygen-poor blood to lungs Semilunar valves Pulmonary artery Capillary beds in lungs Loads O2, unloads CO2 Pulmonary veins Returns oxygen-rich blood to heart Left atrium Atrioventricular valve Left ventricle Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body Aorta Supplies oxygen-rich blood to heart, anterior, posterior circuits Anterior/Superior Vena Cava Returns oxygen-poor blood to heart Posterior/Inferior Vena Cava Right Atrium Collects oxygen-poor blood Anterior Systemic Circuit Pulmonary Circuit Posterior Systemic Circuit 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. Artery Delivers blood from the heart Arteriole Capillary Increases cross-sectional area Slows blood flow for diffusion Endothelium Enhance blood flow Basement membrane Smooth muscle Controls blood flow Connective tissue Venule Vein Delivers blood to the heart Valve Prevents backflow of blood Sinoatrial node/Pacemaker Generates signal to contract Atrioventricular node Delays signal to allow emptying of atria Heart apex Electrocardiogram Respiratory System; Gas exchange (O2 in; CO2 out) Nasal cavity Filters, warms, humidifies, smells air Pharynx Larynx, Voice box Uses vocal cords for sound Trachea, windpipe Bronchi Mucus Traps foreign substances Cilia Sweep foreign substances to digestive system Bronchioles Lung Diaphragm Contracts and relaxes to breath Alveoli, Air sacs, Respiratory surface Moist, high surface area for gas exchange Leads to pulmonary vein Comes from pulmonary artery 97. CO2 Transport from Tissues 98. Tissue Cell 99. CO2 produced by cellular respiration 100. Interstitial Fluid 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 7% CO2 dissolved in plasma CO2 in red blood cell Hemoglobin 23% CO2 in amino acid groups 70% of CO2 becomes carbonic acid Bicarbonate CO2 transport to lungs CO2 Alveolar space in lung Heme group with iron Bohr Effect Lower pH due to increased CO2 Increased O2 release from hemoglobin Excretory System; Osmoregulation, getting rid of nitrogenous waste Ammonia Highly toxic, low metabolic cost, high water cost Urea Low toxicity, high metabolic cost, low water cost Uric Acid Lowest toxicity, highest metabolic cost, lowest H2O cost Kidney Filters blood Renal Artery/Vein Delivers unfiltered blood/returns filtered blood Ureter Drains urine to bladder Bladder Stores urine Urethra Eliminate urine Nephron Functional unit of kidney Renal cortex Renal medulla Juxtamedullary nephron 36. Cortical nephron 37. Afferent arteriole from renal artery 38. Glomerulus 39. Produces filtrate of water and small molecules 40. Bowman’s capsule 41. Efferent arteriole from glomerulus 42. Peritubular capillaries 43. Vasa recta 44. Proximal tubule 45. Loop of Henle 46. Descending limb 47. Reabsorb water 48. Ascending limb 49. Reabsorb salts 50. Distal tubule 51. Collecting duct 52. Renal pelvis 53. Junction of collecting ducts 54. Endocrine, Coordination of body through hormones 55. Hypothalamus 56. Pineal gland 57. Melatonin 58. Posterior Pituitary 59. Oxytocin 60. Antidiuretic hormone 61. Anterior Pituitary 62. Growth Hormone 63. Prolactin 64. Follicle-stimulating hormone 65. Luteinizing hormone 66. Thyroid-stimulating hormone 67. Adrenocorticotropic hormone 68. Endorphins 69. Thyroid Gland 70. Triiodothyronine 71. Thyroxine 72. Calcitonin 73. Parathyroid Gland 74. Parathyroid hormone 75. Ovary 76. Estrogens 77. Progesterone 78. Adrenal medulla 79. Epinephrine 80. Norepinephrine 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. Adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Pancreas Insulin Glucagon Testes Androgens Axon hillock Myelin Sheath Node of Ranvier Schwann cell Synaptic terminal Sensory Neuron Sends signal from sensors to CNS Interneuron Processes signal/integration Motor neuron Transmits signal from CNS to effector cells 100. Astrocytes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Structural support of neurons Oligodendrocytes Forms myelin sheath of CNS neurons Schwann cells Forms myelin sheath of PNS