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US History, May 14 • Entry Task: Please take out your packets! • Announcements: – Permission forms for the beginning of “Saving Private Ryan” – alternative assignment given to those without permission. – We are going to skip #13 for now, but we’ll answer #s 14, 15, 16, 17 – Homework: reading about Eisenhower (leave the top beaches blank for now) Boeing’s contribution! • During World War II, Boeing and its partners worked together to produce a staggering 98,965 aircraft, including the famed B-17 “Flying Fortress.” Representing nearly 28 percent of America’s total aircraft production, Boeing proved a principal contributor to industrial production during the war. These planes helped guarantee victory for Allied forces and served as a symbol of American might and innovation. When the U.S. entered WW2 in late 1941, Japan dominated Germany controlled victory seemed remote the western half of almost all of Europe the Pacific Ocean Axis armies controlled Northern Africa & threatened the Suez Canal Germany pressed into Russia Europe 1941-1943 The U.S. wanted to attack across Nazi-controlled France by 1943 If the Germans had gained access to the Suez Canal and Middle East oil, they would have cut Britain off from India and much needed supplies England wanted to attack Italy In 1942, troops To U.S.-Anglo win the European Infrom 1943, the Sovietbegan armycampaign, wonItalian at Stalingrad; Northern the 2campaign different Germany was never & again on was the offensive Africa in 1942 Stalin ANGRY plans were proposed MAJOR TURNING POINTS IN WWII (EUROPE/N. AFRICA) • German arrogance/mistakes – German decision to stop the advance in France, thus allowing the British and French to escape from Dunkirk (1940). – Battle of Britain - failure to defeat Britain. – German decision to invade Russia. – The US entering the war after Pearl Harbor. • Stalingrad. • The Strategic bombings in Germany '43-'44. • The surrender of The Afrika Korps & invasion of Italy. • The Success of the D-Day Landings. The Allies began to win the Battle of the Atlantic in 1941 with Lend-Lease aid, but took control in 1943 with America’s entry into the war THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC Almost two million tons of Allied ships were resting on the ocean floor in just 2 months. Over 15 million tons were lost overall. • After America’s entry into the war, Hitler was determined to prevent foods and war supplies from reaching Britain and the USSR from America’s east coast • He ordered submarine raids on U.S. ships on the Atlantic, “wolf packs” • During the first four months of 1942 Germany sank 87 U.S. ships • Summer 1942 – one Allied ship went down every 4 hours! • In the first seven months of 1942, German U-boats sank 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic • Something had to be done or the war at sea would be lost • First, Allies used convoys of ships & airplanes to transport supplies • Destroyers used sonar to track U-boats and broke the German code system, called the Enigma • Airplanes were used to track the U-boats ocean surfaces • With this improved tracking, Allies inflicted huge losses on German Uboats ALLIES CONTROL U-BOATS U-426 sinks after attack from the air, January 1944. Almost twothirds of all U-boat sailors died during the Battle of the Atlantic. STALINGRAD July ‘42-Feb 43—TURNING POINT •Russians took the offensive and began to drive Axis forces from their soil. •Stalingrad was one of the bloodiest battles in history with a combined casualty toll of almost 2 million people. •Hitler, refusing to allow retreat, lost 750,000 + 91,000 German troops were taken prisoner. Soviet Union lost 1.1 million! •Of those 91,000, an estimated 5,000 survived Soviet labor camps. The invading Germans saw the conquest of Stalingrad as essential to their campaign in southern Russia, since from this strategic point on the Volga River they could launch further assaults in the Caucasus. The Russians were determined to defend the city as a vital industrial and transportation center. Also, the city bore Stalin’s NAME (SYMBOLIC) German Bombers Over Stalingrad Street fighting Stalingrad Stalingrad: Germans controlled 9/10 of the city The 1/10 holds out November 1942: Red Army counterattacks • Weakly held German flanks collapse • German 6th Army is cut off & surrounded – surrender comes Feb 1943 German POWs Stalingrad – out of 91,000 – only 5,000 made it home El Alamein– July-November 1942: Turning point Important British Victory Following El Alamein, Churchill’s plan was to reach Germany through Italy: “Europe’s soft underbelly”. British Infantry at El Alamein Significance: it ended Axis hopes of occupying Egypt, taking control of the Suez Canal, and gaining access to the Middle Eastern oil fields. Why North Africa FIRST? • Americans originally wanted to attack Europe & Stalin wanted a 2nd front to divert troops – Churchill convinced them to start in Africa • November 8, 1942 – Operation Torch begins: Allies land at Casablanca, Oran, Algiers – Allies attempted to stop the Axis advance, pull pressure off the Soviet Union, and allow for the opening of a second European front Allied Commanders • US General Dwight D. Eisenhower • US General George Patton • British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery Montgomery at El-Alamein The U.S. also had to fight Vichy French forces Axis Commander • Erwin Rommel – Ordered to assist the Italians by Hitler • Nicknamed the “Desert Fox” • Continues to fight in Europe (D-Day) after Germans are defeated in N. Africa • Remembered as one of the greatest generals of all time • In the end: forced to commit suicide after implicated in a plot to kill Hitler CASABLANCA MEETING • FDR and Churchill met in Casablanca and decided their next moves • 1) Plan amphibious invasions of France and Italy • 2) Only unconditional surrender would be accepted FDR and Churchill in Casablanca Operation Torch: significance American troops were green and NEEDED the practice fighting away from home The invasion involved more than 100,000 men and over 600 ships, placing it among the largest such invasions in history. Opens the door to Sicily and Italy Frees up 5-6 million tons of shipping Allies took more than 1,000 miles of North African coastline, push the Germans out of North Africa, and control the Mediterranean. British and US figure out how to work together Allies take Tripoli – Kasserine Pass Allies vs. Italian and German defenders – critical test of how to stage large-scale amphibious landings American Cargo Ship Hit off of Sicily – Allied casualties: 25,000 Italy was called the “soft underbelly” of Europe The Tide Turns • In Italy, Mussolini is overthrown in September 1943 and the new government joined the Allies. April 29, 1945 Mussolini and 15 other fascist leaders are executed and hanged at an Esso gas station in the Piazzale Loreto in Milan. Gustav Line • Three German defense lines kept the Allies from moving up the “boot” of Italy • Salerno – September 1943 • Italy surrenders, but Germans take over the battle Allies March Into Italy Tehran Conference – Nov-Dec 1943 Roosevelt & Churchill affirm their intention to invade Western Europe Fighting in Italy – “one tough gut” • Bloody Anzio – January–Feb. 1944 – An effort to bypass the German Gustav Line – Both sides dug in for a grueling, 4 month siege • Rome is not declared an open city until June 4, 1944 The Italian Campaign… • failed to force Germany to divert any of its resources away from the Russian front • led Stalin to suspect that Britain and the U.S. were intentionally leaving Russia to suffer the brunt of Nazi power Monte Cassino May 1943 – British and S Africans – march toward Rome In Germany, approximately 20% of the total houses/housing units, were destroyed or heavily damaged. 300,000 civilians killed and 780,000 were wounded. The principal German cities have been largely reduced to hollow walls and piles of rubble. German industry is bruised and temporarily paralyzed. By agreeing to “Operation Overlord” Tehran Conference, 1943 FDR proposed a future Unitedwould Nations dominated (D-Day), the Allies divide the by “4 policemen” (USA, Britain, & USSR) Axis military across China, two fronts with power to “deal immediately with any • Insudden 1943, FDR, Churchill, Stalinrequires met in Tehran, emergency which action” Iran for the first of three wartime conferences: – The USA, Britain, USSR coordinated their war strategy – FDR & Churchill finally committed to Stalin’s demands to open a western front (D-Day) – Discussed plans to create a “general internat’l organization” to promote “peace & security” (UN) Europe 1944-1945 U.S. & British troops landed at 5 strategic points, pushed through France, drove towards Germany The long-awaited 2nd front came on June 6, 1944 with D-Day US History, May 15 • Entry Task: Please take out your packets! • Announcements: – Permission forms for the beginning of “Saving Private Ryan” – alternative assignment given to those without permission. – We are going to answer #19 – Beaches/Eisenhower worksheet (leave the top beaches blank for now) By late 1943, early 1944, Allies had… • Air Superiority over Europe • Success against the U-boats in the Atlantic • Success at Stalingrad & Kursk (Soviets); March 1944 – Soviets enter Poland • Every German agent was either dead, jailed, or working for British intelligence. • Now, to take “Fortress Europe” at Normandy, heavily defended by Army Group B of the German Army under command of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel (Commander of all German Forces was Field Marshal von Rundstedt). By June 1944, there were over 1.5 million US troops in Britain Stockpiles of equipment: 2.5 tons 7 million tons of oil stored in UK • How do you hide the largest invasion force in history??? Europe 1944-1945 U.S. & British troops landed at 5 strategic points, pushed through France drove towards Germany The long-awaited 2nd front came on June 6, 1944 with D-Day Winston Churchill to his wife the night before: “Do you realise that by the time you wake up in the morning twenty thousand men may have been killed?” Amphibious landings: Dieppe • Attack on the Nazis in France by the British, August 18, 1942 • More than 2/3 of a 6,000 man raiding force were left behind on the beach Amphibious landings: Tarawa • Attack by the US Marine Corps in the central Pacific, November 1943 • 3,000 casualties • the Atlantic Wall: a formidable complex of defences running from the FrancoSpanish border to Denmark Knocked out German gun position on Utah Beach Atlantic Wall fortification Transportation Plan – By the 1st week in June: • French rail and road communications had been seriously damaged • the Luftwaffe in France reduced to about 800 operational machines • But the cost had been enormous. Two thousand Allied aircraft were lost and 12,000 airmen killed. • Under the direction of General Erwin Rommel, all beaches on which a landing was considered possible had been festooned with belts of obstacles and minefields, and covered by machine-gun and mortar emplacements. Amphibious Landing… http://www.strijdbewijs.nl/hinder/obstacles.htm D—Day June 6 1944- Operation Overlord Largest amphibious landing in history. – Originally scheduled for June 5 (weather deemed insufficient – after June 6, TWO more weeks until a full moon) – 4,000 ships crossed the channel to invade “Fortress Europe”; 50-mile stretch of Normandy. – Allied forces landed 156,000 troops on the coast of France in one day. – By August, France was liberated. Within six months, they were successful in reaching Germany. – 2,499 American D-Day fatalities and 1,915 from the other Allied nations, a total of 4,414 dead – German casualties – between 4,000-9,000 Losses were extremely heavy on D-Day US History, May 18 • Entry Task: Please take out your packets! • Writing Prompt: Why was the success of D-Day so significant for the Allies – and those oppressed by the Axis Powers? • Announcements: – Grades were updated on Friday, FYI. – We are going to answer #18, 19 and finish the Beaches/Eisenhower worksheet – FYI: Australian, Belgian, Czech, Dutch, French, Greek, New Zealand, Norwegian, Rhodesian (now Zimbabwe), and Polish fighters participated in D-Day Largest invasion in history The Allied Commanders: General Omar Bradley, Admiral Bertram Ramsey, Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder, Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower, General Sir Bernard Montgomery, Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory, and Lieutenant-General Walter Bedell Smith. GOALS of D-Day • Open a second front (relieve pressure on the Soviets in the East) • Liberation of France (weaken Germany’s overall position and secure a bridgehead in Normandy) • Drain German resources • Block access to key military sites German Army – around 400,000 were killed, wounded, or captured during the Normandy Campaign From D-Day until Christmas 1944, German prisoners of war were shipped off to American detention facilities at a rate of 30,000 per month. D-Day will make this possible by March 1945: British/American troops shaking hands with Soviet forces in Germany Operation Bodyguard: sites set up as “fake outs” The deception worked. The Germans concentrated their most powerful formation, 15th Army, in the Pas de Calais. Normandy was held by the smaller, but still formidable 7th Army. Hitler’s Mistakes • Slept until noon that day – no moves until his orders! • Unwillingness to take advice/suspicion of generals – they begged for all available reinforcements (including 2 Panzer divisions nearby) • No plans put in motion for counterattack – he wanted to wait until the situation became clearer • Launched V-1 attacks against London (instead of beaches at Normandy) • Forces were over-stretched and over-estimated Some good luck • Field Marshal Rommel – left June 5 to celebrate his wife’s birthday – 400 miles away • Key officers took advantage of the bad weather to go to Rouen • 21st Panzer Division commander visited his mistress in Paris • French resistance provided military intelligence • For German field commanders on the scene, the first minutes of the invasion brought great alarm and great confusion. Frantic phone calls went out to their generals and they in turn phoned the High Command, whose ranking members were presently staying with Hitler at his mountaintop villa at Berchtesgaden, not at their regular headquarters. Multi-part attack – air, sea, land U.S. 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions, numbering 13,000 paratroopers 45% of units were widely scattered and unable to rally. Eisenhower addresses paratroopers prior to D-Day BAND OF BROTHERS miniseries dramatizes the experience of "Easy" Company (part of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division) Planes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France June 5, 2009 Paratroopers After D-Day • 1 – Utah Beach • 2 – Omaha Beach • 3 – Gold Beach 4 – Juno Beach 5 – Sword Beach Gold Beach Gold • Who landed on Gold beach? This was a British landing beach. The British 50th Infantry Division, and the 47th Royal Marine Commando, led the attack. • What were their orders? To cut the important road from Caen to Bayeux and take over the small port of Arromanches. It was hoped they could link up with the US troops at Omaha Beach and the Canadians at Juno Beach. • How did it go? There were 400 casualties as the beach was secured. • At first, German strongpoints inflicted heavy casualties, but combination of Petard mortar and Crocodile tank soon smashed defenses (some damaged by land mines) • A naval bombardment in the morning weakened the German positions and the town of La Rivière was taken at 10am. By the end of the day 25,000 troops had come ashore at Gold beach. Juno Beach Juno • Who landed on Juno beach? This was a Canadian landing beach for the 3rd Canadian Division, joined by tanks from the British Hussars. • What were their orders? To cut the road from Caen to Bayeux, link up with the British forces at Gold and Sword beaches and take an airport west of Caen. • How did it go? The Canadian troops suffered a lot of casualties. There were 1,200 dead or wounded out of the 21,000 troops who landed at Juno on D-Day. Casualty rates in the first hour were very high, with half of the first assault teams killed or wounded. • By the end of D-Day the Canadians had linked up with the British from Gold beach. They took the towns of Bernières and SaintAubin. Some of the tanks managed to cut the Caen-Bayeux highway. Sword Beach Sword • Who landed on Sword beach? This was a British landing beach for the 3rd Division together with French and British commandos. • What were their orders? The aim was to capture the town of Caen which was at the center of the local road network. The commandos would move inland and meet up with the airborne Allied troops who had taken over important bridges a few miles in from the coast. • How did it go? About 29,000 soldiers landed on the beach on D-Day and there were 630 casualties, dead or wounded. A German battery was temporarily disabled by gliders. They finished the day four miles short of the town of Caen but were successful in linking up with the airborne units. Utah Beach Utah Beach • Who landed on Utah beach? This was an American landing beach. The US 4th Infantry Division came ashore here at 6.30am on D-Day. • What were their orders? To break out and split up. Most of the troops would push north towards the important harbor at Cherbourg. • How did it go? They were the first to land; 23,000 (210 will be killed, go missing, or be wounded) Although many soldiers drowned as they climbed down into the smaller boats (because of the waves), the troops came ashore about 1,000 yards South of intended landing place, luckily avoiding heavy defenses • The rest of the troops also came ashore at the "wrong" place. Omaha Beach A soldier of the 116th Infantry Division recalled: "I got out in water up to the top of my boots. People were yelling, screaming, dying, running on the beach, equipment was flying everywhere, men were bleeding to death, crawling, lying everywhere, firing coming from all directions. We dropped down behind anything that was the size of a golf ball. Colonel Canham, Lieutenant Cooper, and Sergeant Crawford were screaming at us to get off the beach. I turned to say to Gino Ferrari, 'Let's move up, Gino,' but before I could finish the sentence, something spattered all over the side of my face. He'd been hit in the face and his brains splattered all over my face and my stuff. I moved forward and the tide came on so fast it covered him and I no longer could see him." Omaha Beach, pocked by D-Day bombardment OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44 American soldiers on the beach had to climb the cliffs and dislodge the Germans one-by-one, taking out the machinegun nests and 88mm guns which had so far killed hundreds of Americans. • • • • • • • Omaha Who landed on Omaha beach? This was an American landing beach for the US 1st infantry division with the 116th regiment of the 29th division. What were their orders? To capture the coastal villages and then cut off the important road from Bayeux to Isigny. How did it go? This was the toughest place to land. The US soldiers had to fight really hard to get ashore and 2,400 were killed or wounded. There were problems even before the first soldier landed on the beach. The German defenses on the beach were supposed to have been damaged by an attack from bombers and warships, but these had missed their targets. The defenses were intact, so troops had to advance up the beach under heavy fire from German machine guns positioned on a cliff. Thirty amphibious tanks that would have helped protect the American troops nearly all sank because the waves were too big. The conditions on the beach were recreated in the film Saving Private Ryan. Despite all this by the end of the day 34,000 US troops had been landed here and the push inland had begun. Planners had scheduled 2,400 tons of supplies to reach Omaha Beach during D-Day, but only 100 tons got ashore • A U.S. Coast Guard LCI, heavily listing to port, moves alongside a transport ship to evacuate her troops on June 6, 1944. Moments later the craft will capsize and sink. Note that helmeted infantrymen, with full packs, are all standing to starboard side of the ship On the Beach Toward the Cover of Tanks Medics at D-Day D-Day injured Omaha Beach The world hears the news • German radios announced the invasion at 7am (promise that invaders would be “swiftly annihilated”) • By mid-afternoon it was clear – battle was running in the Allies’ favor • Churchill addressed the House of Commons to announce an astounding success The beach days following D-day Liberation of Paris FRANCE FREED • By September 1944, the Allies had freed France, Belgium and Luxembourg • Hitler had seen four million Germans killed, wounded or taken prisoner. • That good news – and the American people’s desire not to “change horses in midstream” – helped elect FDR to an unprecedented 4th term General George Patton (right) was instrumental in Allies freeing France “Paris is like a magic sword in a fairy tale — a shining power in those hands to which it rightly belongs, in other hands tinsel and lead. Whenever the City of Light changes hands, Western Civilization shifts its political balance. So it has been for seven centuries; so it was in 1940; so it was last week.” VS Over 40,000 persons were killed in the Hamburg firestorm while three quarters of the city was destroyed. Such scenes were repeated in several other cities including Berlin, Munich, Frankfurt, Nuremberg, Cologne and Dresden. In addition to the human toll, centuries of art and culture vanished as thousandyear-old cathedrals and cherished historical monuments were instantly turned to rubble. Hitler: isolated himself – stopped making speeches – rarely seen in public (Wolf’s Lair military headquarters) Assignment: Write a news article reporting the results of the Battle of the Bulge. Include a headline, an overview of the battle, and make sure you have covered your basic facts: who, what, when, where, how and the significance. http://www.teachingamericanhistory.or g/neh/interactives/wwii/lesson3/ Battle of the Bulge or Ardennes Offensive • Dec. 16, 1944 – Jan. 25, ‘45 • Largest and costliest land battle for US troops; last German offensive of the war • Germans managed to penetrate deep into Allied territory, creating a massive bulge in center of the American lines. • Germans lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and assault guns, and 1600 planes Europe 1944-1945 • Bart Hagerman, Private, 17th Airborne: We were always thinking about food. We were always thinking about the cold and how to get warm or how to get dry. And we were always thinking about sleep. You were lucky if you got two or three hours' sleep and if the sun ever did come out -- and it did finally during the latter part -- it almost put you to sleep just immediately. • I would go to sleep at night and my feet would get cold and I would wake up and they were numb and I'd start kicking them together and get circulation started again, and I was good maybe for another hour or so. • Ed Stewart, Sergeant, 84th Infantry: It's very difficult to sleep if you're shivering with cold. One of the things that you do, you lie down on your side and bring your knees up. And you'd be paired with another guy who is facing you so your knees would go into his stomach and your head around his head. You have two people in the womb position taking advantage of that position to preserve body heat and life.Another way of doing it -- to keep you off the snow -- is you take three persons, three men, and you put your arms around each other's shoulders so that you got three bodies, if you will, propping each other up. And then you lower your head and you go to sleep standing up. You never really went off into a deep sleep -- sort of half-awake, half-asleep. • Roger Rutland, First Sergeant, 106th Infantry: I had frozen toes. My big toes were as big as a-- much bigger than a golf ball, and I had many men that I had to send back and that had feet amputated at the ankles. Some of them would just lose their toes. Bastogne •The US 101st Airborne Division was completely surrounded (4 to 1) in Bastogne but never fell • Artillery flattened the town, tanks and infantry attacked from every side, there was no way to evacuate the wounded… • the 101st acting commander, Brigadier General Anthony McAuliffe, famously replied to a formal surrender request with one word: 'Nuts!‘ • Patton's Third Army, advancing from the south, relieved Bastogne on 26 December. Yalta Conference in February 1945 To recognize the independence & nations in Eastern Europe • The sovereignty “Big 3” met atofYalta to discuss post-war Europe given the eminent defeat of Germany: – Stalin refused to give up Eastern Europe but he did agree to “self-determination” – Stalin agreed to send Soviet troops to the Pacific after the German surrender if the USSR could keep Manchuria Soon after the Yalta Conference in Feb 1945, FDR died…and Harry Truman became president Mussolini & His Mistress, Claretta Petacci Are Hung in Milan, 1945 • April 30, 1945 - Hitler married Eva Braun and they swallowed cyanide and Hitler shot himself with a pistol. The bodies of Hitler and Eva Braun were cremated in the chancellery garden by the bunker survivors (as per Der Fuhrer's orders) and reportedly later recovered in part by Russian troops. In late April 1945, the Allies broke through the Eastern & Western Fronts forcing both Italy & Germany to surrender WW2 Timeline (Allies, Axis, USSR) “Island-hopping” allowed the Allies to win The Doolittle Raid on Tokyo on April strategic 18, islands investing precious 1942without was a morale boost time, resources, & American lives U.S. victory at Midway in 1942 gave the Allies naval supremacy The Japanese refused to play by according to the Geneva Convention “rules” of war The German surrender in May 1945, allowed the U.S. to turn its full attention towards Japan Victories at Saipan in 1944 & Iwo Jima & Okinawa in 1945 allowed for bombings on Japan The Decision to Drop the A-Bomb • With no definitive end it sight, how would the Allies defeat Japan? – The U.S. military favored a full-scale invasion of Tokyo by 1946 – The Japanese refused to surrender & were arming civilians for an Allied invasion – At the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, Truman gave the order to use the atomic bomb Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago Triumph & Tragedy in the Pacific • In August 1945, the USA forced Japan to surrender by dropping 2 atomic bombs • Effect of the atomic bomb: – Saved hundreds of thousands of American (& Japanese) lives – Revenge for Pearl Harbor – Showed the USSR that the USA had the ultimate weapon (began the Cold War nuclear arms race) Nagasaki Hiroshima WW2 Timeline (Allies, Axis, USSR) Its Finally Over! Conclusions • WW2 was the largest & deadliest war in history & changed the U.S. – Wartime industry ended the Great Depression, expanded the size of the federal gov’t, & ushered in affluent decade – The USA emerged as a world superpower, developed a nuclear arsenal, & engaged a Cold War against the USSR