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Medical Terminology Special Senses: The Eyes and Ears Dr. Aryan Rzgar First stage 1 Eyes (Vision) • Primary Function –Receptor organs for the sense of sight. • Related Combining Forms –opt/i, opt/o, optic/o –ophthalm/o 2 Anatomy of the Eye – Sclera White outer covering of the eyeball – Cornea Clear and has a curved surface that allows light to enter the eye – Iris Colored part of the eye that shrinks and expands so the pupil can adjust to the incoming light 3 Anatomy of the Eye – Lens • Clear part of the eye behind the iris that helps to focus the light onto the retina – Retina • Light sensitive receptor cells carry images to the brain through the optic nerve – Optic Nerve • A bundle of more than one million nerve fibers that carries visual messages from the retina to the brain 4 Accessory structures of the eye Accessory structures that provide external protection and allow the eyes to move. External structures important for vision In addition to eyeball Eye muscles Eyelids Conjunctiva Lacrimal apparatus 5 Structures of the Eyeball 6 Combining Forms & Abbreviations () Combining Form conjunctiv (o) ocul(o) ophthalm(o) Meaning conjunctiva eye eye phac(o) lens 7 Combining Forms & Abbreviations () Combining Form Meaning audi (o) hearing aur (o) hearing blephar (o) cerumin (o) myring(o) eyelid wax ear drum, middle ear 8 Combining Form corne (o) kerat (o) lacrim (o) dacry (o) ir (o) irid/o Combining Forms & Abbreviations () Meaning cornea cornea tears tears iris iris 9 Combining Forms & Abbreviations ( Combining Form Meaning retin(o) retina scler(o) white of the eye scot(o) tympan(o) darkness eardrum, middle ear 10 Word Building with kerat/o, lacrim/o & ocul/o –itis keratitis inflammation of cornea –otomy keratotomy incision into cornea –al lacrimal pertaining to tears dacryocystitis inflammation of the tear sac ocular pertaining to eye oculomycosis abnormal condition of eye fungus –ar myc/o –osis Word Building with ophthalm/o eye pain –algia ophthalmalgia –ic ophthalmic pertaining to eye –logist ophthalmologist eye specialist –plegia ophthalmoplegia eye weakness –rrhagia ophthalmorrhagia rapid bleeding from eye –scope instrument to view inside eye ophthalmoscope 12 Word Building with dipl/o, ir/o & irid/o –opia diplopia double vision –itis iritis inflammation of iris –al iridal pertaining to iris –ectomy iridectomy removal of iris scler/o –otomy iridosclerotomy incision into iris and sclera Diagnosing the Eye Diagnosing the Eye Eye examinations can be performed by both an ophthalmologist and an optometrist. Visual Acuity •The most common diagnostic test for the eye, measures sharpness of vision 14 Snellen chart:used for testing distance vision 15 Diagnostic, Procedural & Laboratory Terms Examination of the interior of the eye using an ophthalmoscope.. 16 Eye Disorders Eye Disorders Corrective lenses are used to treat the most common disorders such as: •Defects in the cornea and/or lens •Defects in the refractive ability of the eye due to abnormally short or long eyeballs Corrective lenses may be worn on the face or directly over the cornea as with contact lenses. 17 Errors of Refraction Errors of Refraction Astigmatism Correction Astigmatism •Distortion of sight because light rays do not come to a single focus on the retina 18 Other Conditions Presbyopia •Loss of close reading vision, common after age 40 •Diplopia •Double vision Photophobia •Extreme sensitivity to light 19 Strabismus: eye muscle weakness resulting in eyes looking in different directions at same time 20 Cataracts Eye Disorders Cont’d •Cataracts •Cloudiness of the lens Glaucoma •Abnormally high pressure in the eye •Loss of vision can occur if it is not treated Other Causes of Blindness •Congenital defects •Trauma to the eyes 21 Ear and its Function • Otology (Oto) is study of the ear • Audiology is study of hearing disorders • Ear responsible for two senses: – Hearing – Equilibrium or sense of balance Anatomy of the Ear – External ear • Referred to as the auricle or pinna – Middle ear • Auditory ossicles –Malleus –Incus –Stapes • Tympanic membrane 23 Anatomy of the Ear – Inner Ear • Location –Large cavity in the temporal bone • Sensory organs –Cochlea –Vestibular apparatus 24 Diagnosing the Ear An otologist is an ear specialist Ear Examination •Otoscopy is a visual examination of the ear using an otoscope •Audiometer measures various acoustic frequencies to test hearing 25 Word Building with acous/o, audi/o & audit/o –tic acoustic pertaining to hearing –gram audiogram record of hearing –meter audiometer instrument to measure hearing –logist audiologist hearing specialist –ory auditory pertaining to hearing Word Building with aur/o, auricul/o, cochle/o and salping/o –al aural pertaining to ear –ar auricular pertaining to ear –ar cochlear pertaining to cochlea –itis salpingitis inflammation of eustachian tube incision into eustachian tube –otomy salpingotomy also called auditory tube Word Building with ot/o –scope otoscope instrument to view ear –plasty otoplasty surgical repair of ear otomycosis abnormal condition of ear fungus otopyorrhea discharge of pus from ear myc/o –osis py/o –rrhea Word Building with tympan/o –ic –itis –plasty tympanic tympanitis tympanoplasty –rrhexis tympanorrhexis –otomy tympanotomy pertaining to eardrum inflammation of eardrum surgical repair of eardrum ruptured eardrum incision into eardrum Ear Disorders Ear Disorders Anacusis Otosclerosis •Total loss of hearing •Hardening of bone within the ear Paracusis •Impaired hearing Otalgia Presbyacusis •Age related hearing loss •Ear ache 30 Ear Disorders Ear Disorders Term deafness Part 2 Meaning inability to hear or having some degree of hearing impairment otitis media inflammation of the middle ear myringitis inflammation of the eardrum 31 An otoscope, used to visually examine the external auditory ear canal and tympanic membrane. Ears and Eyes Combining Forms Word Part blephar/o choroid/o conjunctiv/o myring/o ot/o retin/o tympan/o Meaning eyelid choroid conjunctiva eardrum ear retina eardrum Key Term blepharoplasty choroidiritis conjunctivitis myringotomy otorrhea retinopathy tympanoplasty 33 END OF LESSON