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Medical Terminology
Special Senses:
The Eyes and Ears
Dr. Aryan Rzgar
First stage
1
Eyes (Vision)
• Primary Function
–Receptor organs for the sense of
sight.
• Related Combining Forms
–opt/i, opt/o, optic/o
–ophthalm/o
2
Anatomy of the Eye
– Sclera
White outer covering of the
eyeball
– Cornea
Clear and has a curved surface
that allows light to enter the
eye
– Iris
Colored part of the eye that
shrinks and expands so the
pupil can adjust to the
incoming light
3
Anatomy of the Eye
– Lens
• Clear part of the eye behind the iris that helps
to focus the light onto the retina
– Retina
• Light sensitive receptor cells carry images to
the brain through the optic nerve
– Optic Nerve
• A bundle of more than one million nerve fibers
that carries visual messages from the retina
to the brain
4
Accessory structures of the eye
Accessory structures that provide external protection and allow
the eyes to move.
External structures important for vision
In addition to eyeball
Eye muscles
Eyelids
Conjunctiva
Lacrimal apparatus
5
Structures of the Eyeball
6
Combining Forms &
Abbreviations ()
Combining Form
conjunctiv (o)
ocul(o)
ophthalm(o)
Meaning
conjunctiva
eye
eye
phac(o)
lens
7
Combining Forms &
Abbreviations
()
Combining Form
Meaning
audi (o)
hearing
aur (o)
hearing
blephar (o)
cerumin (o)
myring(o)
eyelid
wax
ear drum, middle ear
8
Combining Form
corne (o)
kerat (o)
lacrim (o)
dacry (o)
ir (o)
irid/o
Combining Forms &
Abbreviations
()
Meaning
cornea
cornea
tears
tears
iris
iris
9
Combining Forms &
Abbreviations
(
Combining Form
Meaning
retin(o)
retina
scler(o)
white of the eye
scot(o)
tympan(o)
darkness
eardrum, middle ear
10
Word Building with kerat/o, lacrim/o &
ocul/o
–itis
keratitis
inflammation of cornea
–otomy
keratotomy
incision into cornea
–al
lacrimal
pertaining to tears
dacryocystitis
inflammation of the tear sac
ocular
pertaining to eye
oculomycosis
abnormal condition of eye
fungus
–ar
myc/o
–osis
Word Building with ophthalm/o
eye pain
–algia
ophthalmalgia
–ic
ophthalmic
pertaining to eye
–logist
ophthalmologist
eye specialist
–plegia
ophthalmoplegia
eye weakness
–rrhagia ophthalmorrhagia
rapid bleeding from eye
–scope
instrument to view inside
eye
ophthalmoscope
12
Word Building with dipl/o, ir/o & irid/o
–opia
diplopia
double vision
–itis
iritis
inflammation of iris
–al
iridal
pertaining to iris
–ectomy
iridectomy
removal of iris
scler/o
–otomy
iridosclerotomy
incision into iris and sclera
Diagnosing the Eye
Diagnosing the Eye
Eye examinations can be performed by both an
ophthalmologist and an optometrist.
Visual Acuity
•The most common
diagnostic test for the eye,
measures sharpness of vision
14
Snellen chart:used for testing distance vision
15
Diagnostic, Procedural &
Laboratory Terms
Examination of the interior of the eye
using an ophthalmoscope..
16
Eye Disorders
Eye
Disorders
Corrective lenses are used to treat the most
common disorders such as:
•Defects in the cornea and/or lens
•Defects in the refractive ability of the eye due to
abnormally short or long eyeballs
Corrective lenses may be
worn on the face or
directly over the cornea as
with contact lenses.
17
Errors of Refraction
Errors of Refraction
Astigmatism
Correction
Astigmatism
•Distortion of sight because light rays do not come
to a single focus on the retina
18
Other Conditions
Presbyopia
•Loss of close reading vision, common after age 40
•Diplopia
•Double vision
Photophobia
•Extreme sensitivity to light
19
Strabismus: eye muscle weakness resulting in
eyes looking in different directions at same time
20
Cataracts
Eye Disorders Cont’d
•Cataracts
•Cloudiness of the lens
Glaucoma
•Abnormally high pressure in the eye
•Loss of vision can occur if it is not treated
Other Causes of Blindness
•Congenital defects
•Trauma to the eyes
21
Ear and its Function
• Otology (Oto) is study of the ear
• Audiology is study of hearing disorders
• Ear responsible for two senses:
– Hearing
– Equilibrium or sense of balance
Anatomy of the Ear
– External ear
• Referred to as
the auricle or
pinna
– Middle ear
• Auditory ossicles
–Malleus
–Incus
–Stapes
• Tympanic
membrane
23
Anatomy of the Ear
– Inner Ear
• Location
–Large cavity in
the temporal
bone
• Sensory organs
–Cochlea
–Vestibular
apparatus
24
Diagnosing the Ear
An otologist is an ear specialist
Ear Examination
•Otoscopy is a visual
examination of the ear
using an otoscope
•Audiometer measures
various acoustic
frequencies to test hearing
25
Word Building with acous/o, audi/o &
audit/o
–tic
acoustic
pertaining to hearing
–gram
audiogram
record of hearing
–meter
audiometer
instrument to measure hearing
–logist
audiologist
hearing specialist
–ory
auditory
pertaining to hearing
Word Building with aur/o, auricul/o,
cochle/o and salping/o
–al
aural
pertaining to ear
–ar
auricular
pertaining to ear
–ar
cochlear
pertaining to cochlea
–itis
salpingitis
inflammation of eustachian tube
incision into eustachian tube
–otomy salpingotomy also called auditory tube
Word Building with ot/o
–scope
otoscope
instrument to view ear
–plasty
otoplasty
surgical repair of ear
otomycosis
abnormal condition of ear
fungus
otopyorrhea
discharge of pus from ear
myc/o
–osis
py/o
–rrhea
Word Building with tympan/o
–ic
–itis
–plasty
tympanic
tympanitis
tympanoplasty
–rrhexis
tympanorrhexis
–otomy
tympanotomy
pertaining to eardrum
inflammation of eardrum
surgical repair of eardrum
ruptured eardrum
incision into eardrum
Ear Disorders
Ear Disorders
Anacusis
Otosclerosis
•Total loss of hearing
•Hardening of bone
within the ear
Paracusis
•Impaired hearing
Otalgia
Presbyacusis
•Age related hearing loss
•Ear ache
30
Ear Disorders
Ear Disorders
Term
deafness
Part 2
Meaning
inability to hear or having some
degree of hearing impairment
otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear
myringitis
inflammation of the eardrum
31
An otoscope, used to visually examine the external
auditory ear canal and tympanic membrane.
Ears and Eyes Combining Forms
Word Part
blephar/o
choroid/o
conjunctiv/o
myring/o
ot/o
retin/o
tympan/o
Meaning
eyelid
choroid
conjunctiva
eardrum
ear
retina
eardrum
Key Term
blepharoplasty
choroidiritis
conjunctivitis
myringotomy
otorrhea
retinopathy
tympanoplasty
33
END OF LESSON