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1 Section Friday, November 06, 2009 10:20 AM The German Path to War Adolf Hitler ‐‐the ideas that Germany belong to the so‐called ___________ race that was superior to all other races and nationalities ________________, to be a great power needed more land to support a larger population In the 1920's, Hitler had indicated that a Nazi regime wanted the land to the east‐‐_____________________ March 9, 1935‐‐Hitler announced the creation of a new air force One week later‐‐began a military _______ that would increase Germany's army from 100,000 to ___________ (these steps were in direct violation of the __________ of ____________________) Hitler was convinced that the Western states had no intention of using _________ to maintain the treaty March 7, 1936‐‐Hitler sent troops into the ______________________ ‐‐_______________________ did not support the use of force against Germany‐‐and viewed the occupation as a reasonable action by a dissatisfied power‐‐‐Great Britain began to practice a policy of_____________________ Hitler gained new allies‐‐____________________________ of Italy October 1935, _____________________ forces invaded Ethiopia In 1936, Germany and Italy sent forces to Spain to help General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War ____________________ Axis‐‐a new alliance between Germany and Italy November‐‐Germany and ______________ sign the Anti‐Comintern Pact‐‐promising a common front against ________________ Union with _______________ By 1937, Germany was once more a "________________" as Hitler proclaimed By threatening Austria with invasion, Hitler forced the Austrian chancellor to put Austrian ____________ in charge of the government Hitler's next objective was the destruction of_______________________ Sept. 15, 1938‐‐Hitler demanded that Germany be given _________________‐‐an area in northwestern ______________________ that was inhabited largely by Germans In a conference in Munich, British, French, German, and Italian representatives did not object to Hitler's plans (_______________ Conference) In March, 1939‐‐Hitler invaded and took control of _____________ and Moravia in western Czechoslovakia Great Britain and France saw the danger of the Nazi aggression and turned to the Soviet Union and ______________________ Hitler feared that the West and the Soviet Union might make an alliance and that would mean a two‐front war‐‐to prevent this possibility, Hitler made his own agreement with ______________ August 23, 1939‐‐________________ Nonaggression Pact‐‐the two nations promised not to attack each other‐‐to get this‐‐Hitler offered Stalin control of eastern Poland and Chapter-26-Notes Page 1 the ______________ states Germany invades Poland September 1, Germany invaded western ____________, 2 days later‐‐Britain and France declared war on _______________ Japanese Path to War September 18, 1931, Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese, blew up a small section of the Manchurian Railway near the city of Mukden‐‐Japan owned this area and wanted to blame the "_____________ incident" on the Chinese‐‐the Japanese army used this incident to justify its taking all of Manchuria in a series of rapid military advances After this conquest‐‐Japanese army became committed to an __________________ policy‐‐a policy of enlarging the Japanese Empire Worldwide protests against the Japanese seizure of Manchuria led the League of ____________to send an investigation‐‐the investigation issued a report condemning the seizure‐‐Japan withdrew from the League of ______________‐‐The U.S. refused to recognize the Japanese takeover, but was unwilling to threaten __________ Over the next several years, Japan continued its expansion and established control over the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and area in north _________ around _________________ War with China Chiang Kai‐shek tried to avoid a conflict with Japan so he could deal with a great threat from the __________________ Chinese and Japanese forces clashed south of ___________ and hostilities spread In December of 1937 Japan seized the Chinese capital of ____________ ‐‐the Japanese Army destroyed the city and massacred about ____________ civilians and prisoners of war‐‐event was so brutal it became known as the "____________________" Part of Japan's plan was to seize ________________ with its rich resources‐‐late 1930's, Japan began to cooperate with Nazi Germany‐‐Japan assumed that the two countries would ultimately launch a ___________attack on the Soviet Union and divide Soviet resources between them Because of the pact that Hitler made with the ___________________‐‐Japan had to rethink its plan Summer of 1940, Japan demanded the right to exploit economic resources in French _______________________ The U.S. objected and warned Japan it would apply economic ________________‐‐ restrictions intended to enforce international law‐‐unless Japan withdrew from the area and returned to its borders of 1931 Japan was caught in a dilemma‐‐guarantee access to raw materials in ________________________‐‐and losing raw materials from the ________________ Chapter-26-Notes Page 2 2 Section Thursday, November 19, 2009 8:26 AM Hitler stunned Europe with the speed and efficiency of the German attack on Poland Blitzkrieg‐‐"___________________"‐‐used armored columns called panzer divisions supported by airplanes Each panzer division was a strike force of about _________tanks Within 4 weeks‐‐__________ had surrendered Sept. 28, 1939‐‐_____________ and the ____________________ divided Poland After a winter of waiting‐‐Hitler resumed the attack on April 9, 1940‐‐against ______________ and ______________ May 10‐‐_____________ launched an attack on the Netherlands, Belgium, and France Anticipating a German attack‐‐___________ built a defense system‐‐called the_________________ (Ma zhuh noh) Line along the border with Germany Germany decided not to cross it‐‐instead attacked France from its border with Belgium By doing this ‐‐the Germans split the ___________armies French troops and the entire British army were trapped on the beaches of _____________________ _______________________ and civilians evacuated ________________ Allied troops The _______________signed an armistice on June 22, 1940 German armies occupied 3/5 of France After _____________‐‐the British resolve heightened and Britain turned to the U.S. President ___________________________denounced the aggression but the U.S. followed a strict policy of _________________‐‐a series of neutrality acts, passed in the 1930s Battle of Britain Hitler planned to invade _____________, but before he could succeed, he had to gain air control Beginning of August 1940‐‐the German air force ‐‐_______________‐‐launched a major offensive bombing air and naval bases, harbors, communication centers, etc.. British fought back‐‐supported by an effective ____________system‐‐ They still suffered critical losses Germany‐‐in retaliation for bombing Berlin‐‐went after the British cities By doing this the British were able to rebuild their air strength quicker Hitler had to _____________ his invasion Attack on Soviet Union Hitler became convinced that Britain was remaining in the war only because it expected _______________ support Hitler convinced himself that the Soviet Union had a ____________ army Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union was scheduled for the spring of _______, but was delayed because of the ___________________ Hitler gained political cooperation of Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania To secure his ____________ flank‐‐Hitler seized Greece and Yugoslavia in April Hitler invaded the __________________ on June 22, 1941 Chapter-26-Notes Page 3 Attacked on a front that stretched 1,800 miles long German troops advanced rapidly capturing ___ million Russian soldiers Troops approached within 25 miles of ________________ An early winter and ______________ resistance halted the German advance Germans had no ___________ _______________ For the 1st time‐‐German armies had been stopped Japan at War Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese aircraft attacked the U.S. naval base at __________________ Attack damaged or destroyed over ______ aircraft Damaged or sunk ____ ships Killed or wounded 3,500 ________________ Same day, the Japanese attacked the _______________ and advanced on the British colony of Malaya _____________________‐‐60 mile forced march that the Japanese led captured American and ________________ soldiers to a prison camp By 1942‐‐most of Southeast Asia and much of the western Pacific had fallen to the Japanese Global War The American people, in the eyes of the Japanese leaders, were _________ ‐‐once divided over participating in the war, America people now took up arms The U.S. joined _______________ nations and Nationalist China in a combined effort to defeat Japan ‐‐believing that the U.S. involvement in the ___________ would make them ineffective‐‐Hitler _____________ war on the U.S. ‐‐4 days after Pearl Harbor _____________________‐‐Great Britain, United States, and the Soviet Union Agreed to stress military operations and ignore political differences 1943‐‐agreed to fight until the _________ Powers‐‐Germany, Italy, and Japan surrendered unconditionally _________________, British forces had stopped Rommel's troops at El Alamein in the summer of 1942 November 1942‐‐British and American forces invaded French _________________‐‐ forced German and Italian troops to surrender in May,1943 Perhaps the most terrible battle of the war, between Nov. 1942 and February 2, 1943‐‐ the Soviets launched a counter‐attack ‐‐German troops were stopped , then encircled, and supply lines were cut off‐‐all in frigid winter conditions German surrendered at _____________‐‐the entire German ______________‐‐ considered Germany's best‐‐was lost May 7 & 8, 1942‐‐Battle of the ________ ___________ American naval forces stopped the Japanese advance and saved Australia from being invaded June 4‐‐Battle of _______ Island‐‐U.S. planes destroyed 4 attacking Japanese aircraft carriers Established naval superiority in the ___________ Axis forces in Tunisia surrendered on May 13, 1943 Chapter-26-Notes Page 4 The allies then crossed the Mediterranean and carried the war to Italy‐‐the area _______________________ called the "________ ____________" of Europe After taking ______‐‐the Allies began an invasion of mainland Italy in September After Italy fell‐‐King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy arrested _______________, ___________________ was rescued from prison in the daring Gran Sasso raid by German special forces ‐‐he was made the head of a German______ state in Northern Italy 1943‐‐Allies planned an invasion of France from Great Britain across the English Channel June 6, 1944 (______)‐‐was delayed one day because of bad weather‐‐led by U.S. General ____________________‐landed on Normandy beaches in history's greatest naval invasion Code name‐‐"______________________________" The Allies divided up the coastline into 5 beaches Code name _____ and _______‐‐U.S. forces _____ and ______‐‐British forces ________‐‐Canadian forces The Allies worked hard to make Germans think the invasion would take place farther up the coastline near Calais Within 3 months that Allies landed _____________ men and 500,000 vehicles By March 1945‐‐Allied forces crossed the Rhine River and advanced into Germany Battle of _______‐‐July 5‐12‐‐the greatest tank battle of WWII‐‐Soviets defeated the German forces By January 1945, Adolf Hitler had moved into a _______ 55 feet under the city of Berlin April 30, Hitler committed suicide‐‐2 days after Italian ___________ or resistance fighters ‐‐shot Mussolini http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h‐death.htm May ___, ______‐‐Germany surrendered‐‐the war in Europe was finally over Asian Theater The islands of __________ and ______________were of great strategic importance‐‐ Iwo Jima was essential to the air war on Japan Capturing both would provide them with bases near mainland Japan The Allies were victorious in both battles, but the victories came at a great cost Casualties were high on both sides This left President __________ _______________with a difficult decision‐‐invading Japan with the high probability of great casualties Truman decided to use the bombs August 6th, the 1st bomb was dropped on the city of _________________ 3 days later dropped a bomb on _______________ Both cities were leveled Emperor _____________ accepted the Allied forces' demands for unconditional surrender on Aug. 14th, 1945 WWII was finally over Chapter-26-Notes Page 5 ___ million had died in battle ___ million civilians had perished ‐‐some place the total losses at ___million Chapter-26-Notes Page 6 3 Section Wednesday, November 25, 2009 8:32 AM The New Order and the Holocaust 2 out of every 3 European Jews died in the _____________ By 1942‐‐the Nazi regime stretched from the_________________ in the west to the outskirts of ______________ in the east ___________________‐‐leader of the SS‐‐in charge of German resettlement plans in the east Task was to move Slavic people out and replace them with Germans Slavic people included Czech, Polish, Serbo‐Croatian, Slovene, and Ukraine By 1942‐‐2 million ethnic Germans had been settled in ______________ By summer of 1944‐‐7 million European workers labored in Germany‐‐another 7 million workers were forced to labor for the Nazis as farmers ___________________ The SS was given responsibility for what the Nazis called their ________ _____________ to the Jewish problem The Final Solution was___________ (physical extermination) of the Jewish people _____________________‐‐head of the SS security service had the task of administering the Final Solution Created special strike forces called ________________to carry out the Nazi plans June 1941‐‐were given the new job of acting as mobile killing units These SS death squads followed the regular army's advance in the Soviet Union and rounded up Jews in their villages, execute them, and bury them in mass graves These squads killed more than _______________ Jews 1942‐‐Jews from countries occupied by Germany were rounded up‐‐packed like cattle in freight trains and shipped to Poland Six __________________ centers were built in Poland __________________ was the largest They were worked or starved to death, some were sent to the gas chambers, and some were subjected to cruel and painful "_____________" experiments By the spring of 1942‐‐the death camps were in full operation The Germans killed approx.______________Jews, over ___________ in death camps Virtually ____ of the Jewish population of Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany were killed The Nazis were also responsible for the deliberate death by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at least another 9‐10 million non‐Jewish people The Nazis considered the _____ (sometimes known as Gypsies) like the Jews to be an alien race‐‐about 40% of the 1 million Roma were killed in death camps The mass slaughter of European Jews is known as the Holocaust‐‐Hebrew Shoah ‐‐ meaning "_________________________" Chapter-26-Notes Page 7 Children in the War Jewish children and along with their mothers were the ones selected for the gas chambers ______________________Jewish children died in the Holocaust 1945‐‐perhaps _________________ orphaned children in Europe Japanese Colonial Policies The Japanese had conquered Southeast Asia under the slogan "Asia for ________" Chapter-26-Notes Page 8 4 Section Monday, November 30, 2009 7:33 PM The Mobilization of Four Nations Economic _____________ (the act of assembling and preparing for war) was more extensive; so to the mobilization of women The Soviet Union As German army made rapid advancement into Soviet territory, Soviet workers dismantled and shipped the factories in the western part of the Soviet Union to the interior‐‐to the Urals, western Siberia, and the Volga regions Stalin called the widespread military and industrial mobilization of the nation a "_________________________"‐‐the Soviets won producing ________tanks and 98,000 artillery pieces Soviet women played a major role in the war effort The ___________were the only country in World War II to use women in battle The United States The height of war production came in November 1943, ‐‐at one point, the country was building ___ ships a day and __________ planes per year The mobilization of the American economy and workforce resulted in some social turmoil The presence of ____________ Americans in area where they had not lived before led to racial tensions and sometimes even riots ____________________ African Americans joined the military, where they served in segregated units On the West Coast,___________Americans ‐‐65% of whom had been born in the US, were moved to camps surrounded by barbed wire and required to take loyalty oaths Germany Hitler, in 1942, ordered a massive increase in armaments production and in the size of the army Hitler's architect, _______________, was made minister for armaments and munitions in 1942 and was able to triple the production between 1942 and 1943 in spite of Allied air raids A total mobilization of the economy was put into effect in July 1944‐‐which was too late The Nazis had kept women out of the job force but as the war progressed, the women were called up for military service Japan Wartime Japan was a highly mobilized society‐‐the government created a ________________ board to control prices, wages, labor, and resources The calls for sacrifice reached a high point in the final years of the war‐‐young Japanese were encouraged to volunteer to serve as pilots in suicide missions against US fighting ships at sea‐‐pilots were called ______________ or "divine wind" General Hideki ______‐‐prime minister from 1941 to 1944 opposed female employment The Bombing of Cities Britain‐‐September 1940‐‐Londoners took the heavy blows‐‐for months ‐‐the German Chapter-26-Notes Page 9 air force bombed London nightly The _____‐‐as the British called the German air raids, soon became a national experience The Londoners were able to maintain their morale Germany‐‐Churchill believed destroying German communities would break civilian morale and bring victory‐‐______________ became the 1st German city to be attacked by 1,000 bombers The ferocious bombing of Dresden from February 13 to 15, 1945 (using incendiary bombs) created a firestorm that may have killed as many as ___________inhabitants and refugees Japan‐‐Japan cities were bombed towards the end of the war‐‐US B‐29 ________________________ ‐the biggest bombers of the war‐‐began bombing November 24, 1944 By the summer of 1945 many of Japan's industries had been destroyed‐‐along with 1/4 of its dwellings Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 Peace and a New War The ____________ Conference‐‐the Big Three (the Soviet Union, the United State, and Great Britain) of the Grand Alliance‐‐met in November 1943 to decide the future course of the war The __________Conference‐‐The Big Three met in Yalta, Russia‐‐February 1945 Established pro‐Soviet governments along the Soviet Union's borders Created the __________________ and the set 1st meeting for San Francisco in April 1945 Agreed to divide Germany into 4 zones‐_________compromised and agreed to free elections in Poland The ____________ Conference‐‐July 1945‐‐Harry Truman demanded free elections in Eastern Europe‐‐Stalin stated that it was anti‐Soviet to allow this The Allies did agree that trials should be held of leaders who had committed crimes against humanity Nazi leaders were tried and condemned at trials in _______________, Germany Trials were also held in Japan and Italy The Soviets viewed Western and especially American, policy as nothing less than ____________________ expansion Months after the world's most devastating conflict had ended, the world seemed to be bitterly ____________ once again Chapter-26-Notes Page 10