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The Union in Crisis (10) Popular Sovereignty Secession Fugitive Slave Act Underground Railroad Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe Kansas Nebraska Act John Brown Republican Party Dred Scott Roger B. Taney Abraham Lincoln Stephen A. Douglas Harper’s Ferry Jefferson Davis The Election of 1860 Confederate States of America Fort Sumter Sectionalism Franklin Pierce Henry Clay James Buchanan South Carolina Propaganda War Freeport Doctrine Causes of the Civil War followers believed a territory’s voters should decide themselves whether to allow slavery breaking away from, especially from the Union stringent laws that required citizens to apprehend fugitive slaves a secret network of people who helped slaves escape the South written by Harriet Beecher Stowe; condemned slavery wrote a best-selling novel that condemned slavery divided Nebraska region into two territories, giving voters in each area the right to decide whether or not to allow a New York abolitionist who used violence anti-slavery party with strong ties to the northern states a Missouri slave who sued for his freedom chief justice of Supreme Court that ruled against Scott Republican politician from Illinois who opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act an Illinois politician, rival to Lincoln, who supported Kansas-Nebraska Act Location of federal arsenal that John Brown tried to seize and start a revolution that would destroy slavery Mississippi senator who became president of the Confederacy Democratic party split north and south; Republican Abraham Lincoln wins majority formed in February 1861 by seven states that left the Union federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina, where first shots of Civil War were fired Agricultural South, Industrial North, Developing West President 1853-1857; unable to reconcile north & south Senator from the West; proposed the Compromise of 1850 President 1857-1861; unable to prevent Civil war 1st state to secede from Union North & South trying to prove the moral superiority of their respective causes Senator Douglas's proposal that slavery issue be decided by popular sovereignty sectionalism, slavery, economics Civil War (11) Union Advantages Confederate Advantages Blockade Robert E. Lee Winfield Scott & Anaconda Plan Border States strong economy, large army, large navy, established strong central government, factories, large population, lots of fighting on home ground, excellent officers, fighting defensive war preventing merchant vessels with trade goods from entering or leaving ports military leader from Virginia who left the Union army to command the southern army a Union military plan for defeating the South by dividing the Confederacy in two 4 states that bordered Southern states, allowed slavery but did not join the Confederacy George B. McClellan Ulysses S. Grant Shiloh Monitor v. Merrimack Antietam Emancipation Proclamation Copperheads Siege Vicksburg Gettysburg William Tecumseh Sherman Thirteenth Amendment John Wilkes Booth Chancellorsville Fredericksburg Army of the Potomac & Generals Casualties of Civil War Battle of Savannah Appomattox Courthouse second leader of the Union army successful Union general who eventually became the leader of the Union army tragic battle in Tennessee that shocked both North and South by the horrors of the war 1st battle between ironclad ships the bloodiest battle in a single day of the Civil War freed all enslaved people living in the states of the rebellion northern Democrats who opposed the war a military tactic in which an army surrounds, bombards, and cuts off all supplies to an enemy position to make the enemy surrender southern city on the Mississippi River essential for the Union to control site in Pennsylvania of three-day bloody battle between the Confederacy and the Union Union general, practiced total war as he marched through and conquered Georgia amends the Constitution to outlaw slavery in the United States assassinated President Lincoln Confederate General Stonewall Jackson accidentally killed by his own troops; huge loss for the South Bloody defeat for Union; illustrated the folly of attacking entrenched troops Excellent soldiers but poor leadership until the last years of the war Huge casualties for both sides; more men die of disease than in battle End of Sherman's March to the Sea; cut the Confederacy in half Site of Lee's surrender to Grant; marked the end of the war Reconstruction (12) Reconstruction Radical Republicans Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction Johnson’s Restoration Plan Andrew Johnson Black Codes Fourteenth Amendment Tenure of Office Act program implemented by the federal government between 1865 and 1877 to repair damage to the South caused by the Civil War and restore the southern states to the Union a member of Congress who believed Confederates’ slavery and secession were criminal and should be punished President Lincoln’s plan of citizen’s pledging their loyalty to the Union in order for a state to be readmitted Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction (10% Plan +) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. Lincoln’s Vice President; became President after Lincoln’s assassination; Proposed plan of Restoration used in the law passed in southern states restricting the freedoms of African Americans The amendment that granted full citizenship to all Americans passed to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by the president, without the advice and consent of the Senate Impeach Fifteenth Amendment Grant’s Plan for Reconstruction Election of 1868 Ku Klux Klan Rutherford B. Hayes Compromise of 1877 Triumph of Industry (13) Thomas Edison Bessemer Process Corporation Monopoly John D. Rockefeller Trust Andrew Carnegie Interstate Commerce Commission Socialism Knights of Labor Terence v. Powderly Samuel Gompers American Federation of Labor Christopher Sholes Morse Code Telegraph Working conditions George Pullman Karl Marx Alexander Graham Bell an action Congress takes by charging the President with wrongdoing and putting him on trial to see whether he should be removed from office The amendment that gave the right to vote to all American males pardoned former Confederates, limited troops in the South, ratified the 15th amendment, and supported blacks against violence and intimidation Grant wins but loses support from many whites unhappy with Reconstruction secret organization founded during Reconstruction whose aim was to terrorize African Americans Promised to remove federal troops from the South in exchange for the presidency, elected in 1876 resolved the contested presidential election of 1876 by giving Hayes the presidency in return for withdrawing the remaining federal troops from the South the inventor of the light bulb a process for purifying iron resulting in strong, but lightweight, steel a business in which a number of people share ownership a business that completely controls a product or service an oil tycoon who combined many firms into one to decrease costs a situation in which companies assign their stock to a board of trustees, who combine them into a new organization a tycoon who controlled many different businesses involved in the production of steel the Interstate Commerce Commission, a government body set up to oversee railroad operations an economic and political philosophy that favors public, instead of private, control of property and income a union that included all workers of any trade the leader of the Knights of Labor beginning in 1881 who encouraged boycotts and negotiations with employers a poor English immigrant who formed the AFL, a skilled workers union, in 1886 American Federation of Labor, a loose organization of skilled workers from many unions devoted to specific crafts or trades invented 1st practical typewriter letters represented as a series of dots and dashes sent by telegraph or radio Electrical signals sent over wire; improved communication speeds enormously Long hours (12 hour days, 6 days a week). Low wages. Working in sweatshops. Dangerous conditions. Strict owners, quick to fine workers for breaking rules or firing those that missed work. Developed the modern sleeping car for railroads Socialist who wrote The Communist Manifesto; supported the working class Invented the telephone Immigration and Urbanization (14) Southern & Eastern European immigrant who arrived in the US in a great wave between 1880 and 1920 “New Immigrants” island in New York Harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving to the US Ellis Island belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens Americanization expansion of cities accompanied by an increase in the number of people living in them Urbanization Many people left the country for the city to find steady employment Rural-to-Urban Migration Invented the elevator braking system; made the construction of skyscrapers possible Elisha Otis Low-cost multifamily housing designed to squeeze as many families in as possible. Tenements a satirical novelist who wrote about American life in the late 1800s Mark Twain He was a political cartoonist who began a campaign to bring down “The Tweed Ring” Thomas Nast He used both legal and illegal means to get candidates elected to public office and control public utilities William Marcy Tweed Favoring native-born Americans over foreign-born. Nativists Mostly Protestant Immigrants from northwest Europe. Old Immigrants Reasons people came to America: Religious & political freedom, cheap land, factory jobs, family in the US Push/Pull factors South and West Transformed (15) Plains Indians Reservations Sand Creek Massacre Sitting Bull Battle of Little Bighorn Chief Joseph Assimilation Colonel John Chivington At odds with the federal government over land and hunting rights; eventually become fed up and revolt specific area set aside by the federal government for the Indians’ use 1864 incident in which Colorado militia killed a camp of unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians Sioux chief respected as a fighter and spiritual leader 1876 battle in which the Sioux defeated U.S. troops led by Colonel George Custer leader of the Nez Percés who surrendered after trying to lead a group of Indian refugees to Canada 1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and the Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance in the Ghost Dance War to adopt the culture and civilization of the dominant group in a society led troops in Sand Creek Massacre of hundreds of helpless Indian women & children Issues of the Gilded Age (16) President Chester A. Arthur President Grover Cleveland President James Garfield President Benjamin Harrison Poll Tax Literacy Tests Republican; President from 1881-1885 Democrat; President from 1885-1889 Republican; Elected President in 1881; assassinated after 1 year in office Republican; President from 1889-1893 a tax which voters were required to pay to vote a test, given at the polls to see if a voter could read, used to disenfranchise black citizens Wounded Knee Grandfather Clauses Populist Party William Jennings Bryan William McKinley Plessey v. Ferguson The Progressive Era (17) Progressivism Settlement house Jane Addams Direct Primary Suffrage Sixteenth Amendment Seventeenth Amendment Eighteenth Amendment Nineteenth Amendment Americanization Theodore Roosevelt William Taft Woodrow Wilson Square Deal Robert La Follette Gifford Pinchot Upton Sinclair Progressive Party New Freedom James Naismith a law which allowed a person to vote only if his ancestors had voted prior to 1866, also used to disenfranchise black citizens a political party formed in 1892 on a platform of silver coinage, government ownership of the railroads, and fighting the corrupt and unresponsive elite the Democratic nominee for president in 1896, who supported many Populist principles including silver coinage, and who toured the country to speak directly to voters the Republican candidate for president in 1896, who followed a traditional strategy of letting party workers campaign for him Supreme Court case that ruled separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites was OK movement that believed honest and efficient government could bring about social justice community center that provided services for the urban poor leader in the settlement house movement allowed voters to select candidates rather than having them selected by party leaders the right to vote allowed Congress to levy an income tax established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States gave women the right to vote effort to replace immigrant customs with white, Protestant, middle-class practices and values energetic Progressive who became the youngest president in 1901 Republican; President from 1909-1913; eased many restrictions on big business that had been enacted by Roosevelt Progressive Democrat elected President in 1912 President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection Senator & Governor from Wisconsin; established the direct primary and became leader of Progressive Movement forestry official who proposed managing the forests for later public use exposed the problems in the meat packing industry Roosevelt’s party in the 1912 election Wilson’s program to place strict government controls on corporations Invented sport of basketball in 1891