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The Union in Crisis (10)
Popular Sovereignty
Secession
Fugitive Slave Act
Underground Railroad
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Kansas Nebraska Act
John Brown
Republican Party
Dred Scott
Roger B. Taney
Abraham Lincoln
Stephen A. Douglas
Harper’s Ferry
Jefferson Davis
The Election of 1860
Confederate States of America
Fort Sumter
Sectionalism
Franklin Pierce
Henry Clay
James Buchanan
South Carolina
Propaganda War
Freeport Doctrine
Causes of the Civil War
followers believed a territory’s voters should decide themselves whether to allow slavery
breaking away from, especially from the Union
stringent laws that required citizens to apprehend fugitive slaves
a secret network of people who helped slaves escape the South
written by Harriet Beecher Stowe; condemned slavery
wrote a best-selling novel that condemned slavery
divided Nebraska region into two territories, giving voters in each area the right to decide whether or not to allow
a New York abolitionist who used violence
anti-slavery party with strong ties to the northern states
a Missouri slave who sued for his freedom
chief justice of Supreme Court that ruled against Scott
Republican politician from Illinois who opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act
an Illinois politician, rival to Lincoln, who supported Kansas-Nebraska Act
Location of federal arsenal that John Brown tried to seize and start a revolution that would destroy slavery
Mississippi senator who became president of the Confederacy
Democratic party split north and south; Republican Abraham Lincoln wins majority
formed in February 1861 by seven states that left the Union
federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina, where first shots of Civil War were fired
Agricultural South, Industrial North, Developing West
President 1853-1857; unable to reconcile north & south
Senator from the West; proposed the Compromise of 1850
President 1857-1861; unable to prevent Civil war
1st state to secede from Union
North & South trying to prove the moral superiority of their respective causes
Senator Douglas's proposal that slavery issue be decided by popular sovereignty
sectionalism, slavery, economics
Civil War (11)
Union Advantages
Confederate Advantages
Blockade
Robert E. Lee
Winfield Scott & Anaconda Plan
Border States
strong economy, large army, large navy, established strong central government, factories, large population, lots of
fighting on home ground, excellent officers, fighting defensive war
preventing merchant vessels with trade goods from entering or leaving ports
military leader from Virginia who left the Union army to command the southern army
a Union military plan for defeating the South by dividing the Confederacy in two
4 states that bordered Southern states, allowed slavery but did not join the Confederacy
George B. McClellan
Ulysses S. Grant
Shiloh
Monitor v. Merrimack
Antietam
Emancipation Proclamation
Copperheads
Siege
Vicksburg
Gettysburg
William Tecumseh Sherman
Thirteenth Amendment
John Wilkes Booth
Chancellorsville
Fredericksburg
Army of the Potomac & Generals
Casualties of Civil War
Battle of Savannah
Appomattox Courthouse
second leader of the Union army
successful Union general who eventually became the leader of the Union army
tragic battle in Tennessee that shocked both North and South by the horrors of the war
1st battle between ironclad ships
the bloodiest battle in a single day of the Civil War
freed all enslaved people living in the states of the rebellion
northern Democrats who opposed the war
a military tactic in which an army surrounds, bombards, and cuts off all supplies to an enemy position to make the
enemy surrender
southern city on the Mississippi River essential for the Union to control
site in Pennsylvania of three-day bloody battle between the Confederacy and the Union
Union general, practiced total war as he marched through and conquered Georgia
amends the Constitution to outlaw slavery in the United States
assassinated President Lincoln
Confederate General Stonewall Jackson accidentally killed by his own troops; huge loss for the South
Bloody defeat for Union; illustrated the folly of attacking entrenched troops
Excellent soldiers but poor leadership until the last years of the war
Huge casualties for both sides; more men die of disease than in battle
End of Sherman's March to the Sea; cut the Confederacy in half
Site of Lee's surrender to Grant; marked the end of the war
Reconstruction (12)
Reconstruction
Radical Republicans
Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
Johnson’s Restoration Plan
Andrew Johnson
Black Codes
Fourteenth Amendment
Tenure of Office Act
program implemented by the federal government between 1865 and 1877 to repair damage to the South caused by the
Civil War and restore the southern states to the Union
a member of Congress who believed Confederates’ slavery and secession were criminal and should be punished
President Lincoln’s plan of citizen’s pledging their loyalty to the Union in order for a state to be readmitted
Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction (10% Plan +) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and
military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) In new constitutions, they
must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. Named provisional governors in
Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.
Lincoln’s Vice President; became President after Lincoln’s assassination; Proposed plan of Restoration used in the
law passed in southern states restricting the freedoms of African Americans
The amendment that granted full citizenship to all Americans
passed to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by the president,
without the advice and consent of the Senate
Impeach
Fifteenth Amendment
Grant’s Plan for Reconstruction
Election of 1868
Ku Klux Klan
Rutherford B. Hayes
Compromise of 1877
Triumph of Industry (13)
Thomas Edison
Bessemer Process
Corporation
Monopoly
John D. Rockefeller
Trust
Andrew Carnegie
Interstate Commerce Commission
Socialism
Knights of Labor
Terence v. Powderly
Samuel Gompers
American Federation of Labor
Christopher Sholes
Morse Code
Telegraph
Working conditions
George Pullman
Karl Marx
Alexander Graham Bell
an action Congress takes by charging the President with wrongdoing and putting him on trial to see whether he should
be removed from office
The amendment that gave the right to vote to all American males
pardoned former Confederates, limited troops in the South, ratified the 15th amendment, and supported blacks against
violence and intimidation
Grant wins but loses support from many whites unhappy with Reconstruction
secret organization founded during Reconstruction whose aim was to terrorize African Americans
Promised to remove federal troops from the South in exchange for the presidency, elected in 1876
resolved the contested presidential election of 1876 by giving Hayes the presidency in return for withdrawing the
remaining federal troops from the South
the inventor of the light bulb
a process for purifying iron resulting in strong, but lightweight, steel
a business in which a number of people share ownership
a business that completely controls a product or service
an oil tycoon who combined many firms into one to decrease costs
a situation in which companies assign their stock to a board of trustees, who combine them into a new organization
a tycoon who controlled many different businesses involved in the production of steel
the Interstate Commerce Commission, a government body set up to oversee railroad operations
an economic and political philosophy that favors public, instead of private, control of property and income
a union that included all workers of any trade
the leader of the Knights of Labor beginning in 1881 who encouraged boycotts and negotiations with employers
a poor English immigrant who formed the AFL, a skilled workers union, in 1886
American Federation of Labor, a loose organization of skilled workers from many unions devoted to specific crafts or
trades
invented 1st practical typewriter
letters represented as a series of dots and dashes sent by telegraph or radio
Electrical signals sent over wire; improved communication speeds enormously
Long hours (12 hour days, 6 days a week). Low wages. Working in sweatshops. Dangerous conditions. Strict owners,
quick to fine workers for breaking rules or firing those that missed work.
Developed the modern sleeping car for railroads
Socialist who wrote The Communist Manifesto; supported the working class
Invented the telephone
Immigration and Urbanization (14)
Southern & Eastern European immigrant who arrived in the US in a great wave between 1880 and 1920
“New Immigrants”
island in New York Harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving to the US
Ellis Island
belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens
Americanization
expansion of cities accompanied by an increase in the number of people living in them
Urbanization
Many people left the country for the city to find steady employment
Rural-to-Urban Migration
Invented the elevator braking system; made the construction of skyscrapers possible
Elisha Otis
Low-cost multifamily housing designed to squeeze as many families in as possible.
Tenements
a satirical novelist who wrote about American life in the late 1800s
Mark Twain
He was a political cartoonist who began a campaign to bring down “The Tweed Ring”
Thomas Nast
He used both legal and illegal means to get candidates elected to public office and control public utilities
William Marcy Tweed
Favoring native-born Americans over foreign-born.
Nativists
Mostly Protestant Immigrants from northwest Europe.
Old Immigrants
Reasons people came to America: Religious & political freedom, cheap land, factory jobs, family in the US
Push/Pull factors
South and West Transformed (15)
Plains Indians
Reservations
Sand Creek Massacre
Sitting Bull
Battle of Little Bighorn
Chief Joseph
Assimilation
Colonel John Chivington
At odds with the federal government over land and hunting rights; eventually become fed up and revolt
specific area set aside by the federal government for the Indians’ use
1864 incident in which Colorado militia killed a camp of unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians
Sioux chief respected as a fighter and spiritual leader
1876 battle in which the Sioux defeated U.S. troops led by Colonel George Custer
leader of the Nez Percés who surrendered after trying to lead a group of Indian refugees to Canada
1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and the Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance in the Ghost Dance
War
to adopt the culture and civilization of the dominant group in a society
led troops in Sand Creek Massacre of hundreds of helpless Indian women & children
Issues of the Gilded Age (16)
President Chester A. Arthur
President Grover Cleveland
President James Garfield
President Benjamin Harrison
Poll Tax
Literacy Tests
Republican; President from 1881-1885
Democrat; President from 1885-1889
Republican; Elected President in 1881; assassinated after 1 year in office
Republican; President from 1889-1893
a tax which voters were required to pay to vote
a test, given at the polls to see if a voter could read, used to disenfranchise black citizens
Wounded Knee
Grandfather Clauses
Populist Party
William Jennings Bryan
William McKinley
Plessey v. Ferguson
The Progressive Era (17)
Progressivism
Settlement house
Jane Addams
Direct Primary
Suffrage
Sixteenth Amendment
Seventeenth Amendment
Eighteenth Amendment
Nineteenth Amendment
Americanization
Theodore Roosevelt
William Taft
Woodrow Wilson
Square Deal
Robert La Follette
Gifford Pinchot
Upton Sinclair
Progressive Party
New Freedom
James Naismith
a law which allowed a person to vote only if his ancestors had voted prior to 1866, also used to disenfranchise black
citizens
a political party formed in 1892 on a platform of silver coinage, government ownership of the railroads, and fighting the
corrupt and unresponsive elite
the Democratic nominee for president in 1896, who supported many Populist principles including silver coinage, and
who toured the country to speak directly to voters
the Republican candidate for president in 1896, who followed a traditional strategy of letting party workers campaign
for him
Supreme Court case that ruled separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites was OK
movement that believed honest and efficient government could bring about social justice
community center that provided services for the urban poor
leader in the settlement house movement
allowed voters to select candidates rather than having them selected by party leaders
the right to vote
allowed Congress to levy an income tax
established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote
established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States
gave women the right to vote
effort to replace immigrant customs with white, Protestant, middle-class practices and values
energetic Progressive who became the youngest president in 1901
Republican; President from 1909-1913; eased many restrictions on big business that had been enacted by Roosevelt
Progressive Democrat elected President in 1912
President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources,
control of corporations, and consumer protection
Senator & Governor from Wisconsin; established the direct primary and became leader of Progressive Movement
forestry official who proposed managing the forests for later public use
exposed the problems in the meat packing industry
Roosevelt’s party in the 1912 election
Wilson’s program to place strict government controls on corporations
Invented sport of basketball in 1891