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Written by Faith T There are many different systems involved during the exercising process. These systems work together to keep our body moving. It is vital that these systems are healthy and have nutrients and energy. These systems are called the respiratory system, this is the system involving breathing. The second system is the circulatory system, this system includes the heart and pumping blood around to body cells. Last is the muscular system it is another system, this includes the muscles and how they move. The respiratory system is the first system that is included during exercise. This system helps provide our body with the oxygen it needs and disposes of the carbon dioxide that we don’t need. BREATHEING The first thing that happens in the respiratory system is breathing. Breathing is when we inhale (breathing in) oxygen and exhale (breathing out) carbon dioxide. It is vital that we breathe because we need oxygen to stay alive. Therefore, your body automatically breathe all the time. After we breathe in, the air travels down the trachea (also called wind pipe).which is made out of 20 C - shaped hoop of cartilage. Inside the trachea there are microscopic hairs called cilia, they move gently while you are breathing to catch mucus and dirt that could damage your lungs. Your trachea is connected from your mouth and nose to the lungs. During all this, there is a main key part to the breathing process. It is a dome shaped muscle call the diaphragm. This muscle help us breathe, without it we wouldn’t breathe or be alive. The diaphragm is located underneath the lungs. When we breathe the diaphragm contracts (flattens out) to make room for the lungs to expand. And relaxes when we exhale and it then pushes carbon dioxide out. LUNGS After, the air travels down the trachea it then enters the lungs. Our lungs are located in the chest where they rest on top of the diaphragm, behind the rib cage. These lungs are protected by the rib cage. Our lungs are pink and squishy like a sponge, the lift lung is smaller then the right lung, it is because to make room for the heart which is behind it. The pleura membranes are two slick layers that cover the lungs. It helps move the lungs when you breathe in and out, it separated by fluid that allows them to slide around easily. The fist part in the lungs is the broncas, it is connected to the trachea. That is where the trachea spits into two, one in to each lungs. These are the main tubes to the lungs. It job is to allow air in from the trachea to the bronchioles and out. The second part in the lungs are the bronchioles, it’s connected to the broncas. The bronchioles are tiny tubes, the thickness of a hair. It keeps getting smaller and smaller, there are 30,000 in each lung. The purpose of the bronchioles is for air to travel in and out. The third most important part in the lungs is the alveoli, they are a clump at the end of each bronchiole. There are 600,000,000 in the lungs. These alveoli are teeny tiny air sacs that fill up with air when you breathe. These alveoli allow oxygen to pass into the blood. They are surrounded by tiny blood vessels called capillaries. BLOOD The blood is anther part in the respiratory system. The blood vessels are called capillaries. These capillaries are so small that blood cells travels in single file. Here oxygen is transferred to blood cells from the alveoli. When they are filled with air they are called oxygenated, they also transfer carbon dioxide to the lung to be exhale. Exercise Finally, when you exercise the entire system accelerates therefore you breathe faster and deeper. Did you know when you exercise your body needs 3 litres of air or more, 50 times or more every minute? This is because your body needs more oxygen. Another system included in exercising is the muscular system. this is where muscles and bones plays a part in helping our bodies move and do easy tasks like running and writing. Also other muscles do complex tasks which is the heart, intestines and liver. They are important in our lives, without them we wouldn’t be able to move. Types There are 3 types of muscles, these types of muscles are called the voluntary, involuntary and cardiac muscle. The first types of muscles is called the voluntary muscle also known as the skeletal muscle. Voluntary muscles are very adaptable, they can be used in different ways like writing and exercising also in different situations. Voluntary muscles are connected to our bones, for example, bi-ceps and triceps. They are controlled by thoughts. This is when the brain sends impulses instructing for them to move. The second type of muscles are called the involuntary muscle. This muscle is known as the smooth muscle. Involuntary muscles move without conscious thoughts, they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Vital body processes like the heart, breathing, digesting (stomach and intestines) are using involuntary muscles. We need them to survive. They are the hollow structures in the body like the intestines, stomach etc. The last type of muscle is called the cardiac muscle, another name for it is the heart. It is classified as an involuntary muscle .However it’s like a skeletal muscle on the outside, but it is smooth on the inside. Appearance Each type of muscle has a different appearance, like the smooth and skeletal muscle. Smooth muscles has a smooth surface. But have a reddish appearance like a skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles are different to the smooth muscles. They are half the bodies weight, there is more than 640 in the body. Because of blood in them they appear red in colour. There are different layers in skeletal muscles , the superficial layer which is the layer just under the skin and the second layer is the deep layer . Some muscles have 3 layers, this is called the medial layer. They come in different shapes and sizes, but they are all the same on the inside. Most muscles are slim, but some have different shapes like for example the abdominal wall, they are broad and wide. Not like the pectorals which is a fan shaped muscle. All muscles are like flat sheets of triangles. There are many interesting fact about muscles. Your biggest muscle is your bottom, the scientific name for it is called the gluteus maximus and your thigh muscle are 30 cm in length. Parts There are different parts in in different types of muscles. skeletal muscles are made of fibres which are buddled together. Each one is slightly smaller than a hair, each fibre is made of dozens of smaller parts called fibrils. They are bound together by a connective tissue called epimysium. They are divided into groups by a sheath called perimysium and each one contains thinner threads. Within group each fibre is surrounded by endomysium (connective tissue). Every group of fibres has blood vessels around them. The bigger the muscle the more the fibres it has. Skeletal muscles are striated (striped) at microscopic level. Skeletal muscles from the shoulders to the feet are attached to the bone by the tendons. They are located at the end of muscles. Tendons are strengthened by a strong thick fibre or collagen. Skeletal muscles become thinner or tapers away when connecting to tendons. Surprisingly tendons are stronger than super glue. The second muscle is called the smooth muscle, they also have fibres but they are not striated. This is what makes them smooth. Smooth muscles are made of groups of smaller muscle cells that help them to move differently. They also don’t have tendons like skeletal muscle, and they don’t help the movement of the body, however they are the hollow structures in the body. These need to move, for example the gut, intestines and without it you wouldn’t be alive. The Cardiac muscle also has different parts from the other muscles. It has its own fibre, its fibre s are a special form of striated fibres. They are only found in the heart and adjoining vessels, they are arranged in a spiral pattern, this is because they help to squeeze blood though. The cardiac muscle doesn’t have tendons because it is constantly moving by it self. Movement Different muscles have different movements, because this depends on their job. Skeletal muscles move with conscious thoughts. You think about moving them then your brain sends an impulse (instruction) travelling along the nerve from the brain ,then your muscle move s, it’s that quick that you don’t remember. When you move your muscle they contract, but they cannot get longer. When skeletal muscle s contract it shortens to 70% of the relaxed length. Skeletal muscles are adaptable, they exert a small force for example like picking up a feather and a great force, like picking up a heavy object. They tire easily and need a period of rest after contracting. They use glucose (sugar) as fuel. Skeletal muscles can react to certain things almost instantly, this is reflexes. Smooth muscles move without thought, they are controlled by the autonomic system. They’re involved in the regulation of your body’s internal environment. They contract in a gradual synchronised manner, much slower than skeletal muscles. They move in a wave like motion in some organs e.g. the gut and intestines. They also regulate (choose) the size of lumens in blood vessels. All smooth muscles are tireless, they keep a steady contraction for a long period of time. They are working all the time, for example they are used in the eyes controlling the size of the pupils and lens, digestion and in the skin, they react to hair and skin feelings. They also respond to stress and changes body function for different situations for example being nervous or excited. The Cardiac muscle moves without thought, even though it is striated like skeletal muscles. It is tireless, it works all the time. It speeds up and slows down when needed. It also contracts like a wave to push blood along. The cardiac muscle has the ability to contract spontaneously, it will also beat for a short time when removed from the body. Exercise When we exercise we use the skeletal and cardiac muscles, these muscles move quicker than when they are resting, we also consciously think to move our muscles quicker. Muscles need more glucose(sugar) as well, as they are using more energy. That is why it is important to eat in the morning. They can tire easily so, if they are over tired they can cramp. By damaging your muscle fibre it builds up stronger muscles . this is caused by your muscle fibres tearing and when they heal they become thicker and stronger. Other systems accelerate as you are using energy and oxygen quicker. Your heart beats faster, blood vessels transport more blood and breathing become quicker. There are 3 main system involved during exercise, these are the respiratory, circulatory and muscular system. However there are other systems included in exercise. The skeletal system is the system about bones and keeping our body upright, urinary system which helps dispose of waste and last but not least the integumentary system, this is about the skin and how we keep cool. Without these systems our body wouldn’t work or in fact we wouldn’t be alive. Muscular System