Download Module Three Pharmacology, Medical and Pharmacy Abbreviations

Module Three
Pharmacology,
Medical and Pharmacy Abbreviations
Table of Contents
1. Basic Pharmacology
A. Pharmacology
i.
The Object of Drug Delivery (p 3)
ii.
Drug Receptors (p 3)
iii.
Concentration to Produce an Effect
B. Elements of Drug Disposition
i.
Absorption (p 4)
ii.
Distribution (p 4)
iii.
Metabolism (p 4)
iv. Excretion (p 4)
C. Factors Affecting Drug Delivery (p 4)
D. Adverse Drug Reactions (p 5)
E. Sample Questions (p 6)
(p 3)
2. Important Pharmacy Abbreviations
A. Routes (p 8)
B. Forms (p 8)
C. Times (p 9)
D. Measurements (p 9)
E. Other (p 10)
F. Sample Questions (p 11)
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3. Medical Terminology
A. Root Words Identifying Body Parts (p 12)
B. Prefixes (p 13)
C. Suffixes (p 13)
D. Summary of Medical Terminology
i. Creating a Medical Terminology Word
E. Some Common Medical Terminology (p 15)
F. Sample Questions (p 16)
4. Answer Key for Sample Questions
(p 14)
(p 17)
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1.
Basic Pharmacology
A.
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with the
human body.
i.
The Object of Drug Delivery
The object of drug delivery is to produce the desired effect by:
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ii.
Delivering the right drug,
With the right concentration,
To the right site of action,
At the right time,
To the right patient.
Drug Receptors
Drug molecules interact with cell materials called receptors. The receptors
are located on the surfaces of cell membranes and inside of the cells. When
the drug molecule binds with a receptor, it can cause a reaction that
stimulates or inhibits normal cell functions. This is when a drug is producing
a desired or undesired effect.
The pharmacological effects of these interactions are called agonists and
antagonists.
Agonist drugs accelerate or slow normal cell functions. Antagonist drugs
block receptor action by preventing other drugs from activating them.
iii.
Concentration to Produce an Effect
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A drug must achieve a minimum effective concentration.
There must be enough drug at the site of action to produce a response.
The range of drug concentrations is called a therapeutic window.
When the drug is within the therapeutic window, most patients
experience the desired effect of the drug therapy with minimum risks.
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B.
Elements of Drug Disposition
i. Absorption - This is the process in which a drug is taken up from
the site of administration and is transported to the blood stream.
This occurs orally, rectally, intravenously, topically, or by inhalation.
ii. Distribution – This is the process where a drug is delivered to
specific organs and tissues via the blood stream to exert its
pharmacological effect.
iii. Metabolism – This is when the drug disappears and changes
chemically into another compound. This takes place primarily in
the liver.
iv. Excretion – This process is the elimination of the drug from the
body. This takes place primarily in the kidneys.
C.
Factors Affecting Drug Delivery
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Gender
Age
Body weight
Pregnancy
Psychological factors
Genetics
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D.
Adverse Drug Reactions
REACTION
Allergy
Drug Dependence
Gastrointestinal
Hematological
Teratogenicity
Nephrotoxicity
Idiosyncrasy
Hepatotoxicity
Central Nervous
System
DESCRIPTION
Allergic to the drug.
Chronic use of narcotics resulting in psychological
dependence.
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation.
Anticoagulation can cause excessive bleeding.
Certain groups of drugs can cause abnormal fetal
development.
Aminoglycosides and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs could cause kidney failure.
When taking a drug for the first time a reaction could
have a genetic characteristic that alters patient’s
metabolizing enzymes.
Hepatitis, hepatic necrosis, and biliary tract
inflammation or obstruction can be caused by some
drugs.
Confusion, hallucinations, drowsiness, circulation,
dizziness, or coma.
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E.
Sample Questions
1. Metabolism is when a drug disappears and changes into another
compound. Where does this take place?
a. Kidney
b. Lungs
c. Liver
d. Stomach
2. Excretion is the elimination of the drug from the body. Where does this
take place?
a. Kidney
b. Lungs
c. Liver
d. Stomach
3. What is located on the surfaces of cell membranes and inside of the cells?
a. Agonist
b. Antagonist
c. Receptors
d. Molecules
4. What is the object of drug delivery?
a. Right concentration
b. Right site of action
c. Right time
d. All of the above
5. What type of drugs accelerate or slow normal cell functions?
a. Agonist
b. Antagonist
c. Receptors
d. Molecules
6. What is the range of concentration for a drug to produce an effect?
a. Minimum
b. Maximum
c. Response
d. Therapeutic window
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7. Which one of the following does not affect drug delivery?
a. Weight
b. Age
c. Height
d. Gender
8. What is the study of drugs and their interactions with the human body?
a. Pharmacology
b. Therapeutics
c. PharmD
d. None of the above
9. What is the term for the chronic usage of narcotics that can result in
psychological dependency?
a. Teratogenicity
b. Drug Dependence
c. Idiosyncrasy
d. Allergies
10. What are some adverse drug reactions that effect the Central Nervous
System?
a. Confusion
b. Dizziness
c. Drowsiness
d. All of the above
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2.
Important Pharmacy Abbreviations
This section is extremely important to memorize! This information is needed
for transcribing prescriptions and performing pharmacy calculations.
Suggestion for Memorizing: Make flash cards yourself! Writing the abbreviations and
what they stand for will help you to more quickly memorize the following information.
A.
Routes
ad
as
au
od
os
ou
IM
IV
IVP
IVPB
SC
per neb
po
pr
pv
SL
top
B.
right ear
hint: (a) think of audio for the ear
left ear
both ears
right eye
hint: (o) think of ocular for the eye
left eye
both eyes
intramuscular
intravenous
intravenous push
intravenous piggyback
subcutanteously
by nebulizer
by mouth
rectally
vaginally
sublingually
topically
Forms
aq
cm
elix
liq
syr
cap
tab
supp
SR, XL
ung
water
cream
elixir
liquid
syrup
capsule
tablet
suppository
slow/extended release
ointment
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C.
Times
ac
pc
q
qd
qd
qod
bid
tid
qid
hs
h
prn
stat
D.
before meals
after meals
every
every day
every hour
every other day
two times a day
three times a day
four times a day
at bedtime
hour
as needed
immediately
Measurements
aa
ad
aq. ad
dil
fl
gm
gr
mg
mcg
meq
l
ml
qs
ss
tsp.
tbsp
gtt
of each
up to
add water up to
dilute
fluid
gram
grain
milligram
microgram
milliequivalent
liter
milliliter
a sufficient quantity
one-half
teaspoon
tablespoon
drop
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E.
Other
c
s
disp
NR
ud
amp
BSA
comp
D5W
NS
emuls
Sig
sol
lot
tinc
troche
tuss
with
without
dispense
no refills
as directed
ampule
body surface area
compound
dextrose 5% in water
normal Saline
emulsion
write, label
solution
lotion
tincture
lozenge
cough
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F.
Sample Questions
Match each abbreviation in column 1 with its correct meaning in column 2.
1. ad _____
2. os _____
3. prn_____
4. stat_____
5. hs______
6. po _____
7. bid _____
8. tid _____
9. q_______
10. sig_____
11. qid_____
12. ou _____
13. as _____
14. ung____
15. gtt _____
16. ac _____
17. mg_____
18. gm_____
19. pc______
20. qd______
a. before meals
b. three times a day
c. directions
d. right ear
e. every
f. by mouth
g. both eyes
h. immediately
i. four times a day
j. left ear
k. two times a day
l. left eye
m. bedtime
n. gram
o. ointment
p. milligram
q. drop
r. as needed
s. every day
t. after meals
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3.
Medical Terminology
Medical Terminology is a system made up of root words, prefixes,
suffixes and combining vowels used for the language of medicine in
all areas of the health care industry. Most terms are related to the
diagnosis of the patient.
A. Root W ords Identifying Bod y Parts
Memorize Root Words and Corresponding Body Parts
Suggestion for Memorizing: Make flash cards yourself! Writing the abbreviations and
what they stand for will help you to more quickly memorize the following information.
Root Word
Body Part
card
cyst
dermal
gastr
hemat
hepat
mast
metri
my
nephr
neur
ocul
oste
ot
pector
pneum
ven
heart
bladder
skin
stomach
blood
liver
breast
uterus
muscle
kidney
nerve
eye
bone
ear
chest
lung
vein
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B.
Prefixes are added in front of a root word to clarify its meaning.
Prefix
Meaning
hyper
hypo
sub
trans
dys
end
para
poly
bi
intra
macro
micro
pre
post
tri
high
low
under
through
difficult
within
around
much
two
within
large
small
before
after
three
C. Suffixes are added at the end of a root word to clarify its meaning.
Suffix
Meaning
ic, ac, ous, tic
algia
emia
ia
itis
logy
sis
pathy
oma
rrhea
tomy
toxic
phagia
pertaining to
pain
blood condition
condition of
inflammation
study
abnormal
disease
tumor
discharge
incision
poison
swallowing
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D.
Summary of Medical Terminology
Medical Terminology is a system made up of root words, prefixes,
suffixes and combining vowels. Combining vowels are used to
connect the prefix, root word, and suffix. The most common
combining vowel is o, followed by i, and then e.
i.
Creating a Medical Terminology Word
Endometriosis
Prefix
Combining vowel
Root word
Combining vowel
Suffix
end (within)
o
metri (uterus)
o
sis (abnormal)
Meaning
abnormal growth of uterus tissue
Pneumonia
Root word
Combining vowel
Suffix
pneum (lung)
o
nia (condition of)
Meaning
inflammation of the lungs
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E.
Some Common Medical Terminology
Suggestion for Memorizing: Make flash cards yourself! Writing the words and their
definitions yourself will help you to more quickly memorize the following definitions.
Term
Definition
1. Hypertension
2. Hyperlipidemia
3. Hypothyroidism
4. Hepatitis
5. Gastroenteritis
6. Tendonitis
7. Neuralgia
8. Arthritis
9. Endometriosis
10. Prostatitis
11. Bronchitis
12. Pneumonia
13. Pulmonary
14. Cystitis
15. Conjunctivitis
16. Tympanitis
17. Cardiomyopathy
high blood pressure
increased lipids in the blood
deficiency of the thyroid
inflammation of the liver
inflammation of the stomach, intestinal tract
inflammation of a tendon
severe pain in a nerve
inflammation of a joint
abnormal growth of uterus tissue
inflammation of the prostate
inflammation of bronchial membranes
inflammation of the lungs
pertains to the lungs
inflammation of the bladder
inflammation the eye
inflammation of the middle ear
disease of the heart muscle
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F.
Sample Questions
1. The root word “pector” stand for which body part?
a. Bone
b. Stomach
c. Chest
d. Liver
2. What does the prefix “hyper” mean?
a. Low
b. High
c. Large
d. Small
3. What is medical terminology made up of?
a. Root words
b. Prefixes
c. Suffixes
d. All of the above
4. What is the most common combining vowel used in medical terminology?
a. a
b. e
c. i
d. o
5. Match the term in column 1 with its correct definition in column 2.
1. Hypertension______
2. Hepatitis _________
3. Gastroenteritis_____
4. Neuralgia_________
5. Arthritis__________
6. Bronchitis_________
7. Pneumonia________
8. Pulmonary________
9. Conjunctivitis______
10. Hypothyroidism____
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
inflammation of the eye
pertains to the lungs
high blood pressure
deficiency of the thyroid
severe pain in a nerve
inflammation of the liver
inflammation of the stomach
inflammation of the lungs
inflammation of a joint
inflammation of bronchial
membranes
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4.
Answer Key
1. E.
2. F.
3. F.
1. c
2. a
3. c
4. d
5. a
6. d
7. c
8. a
9. b
10.d
1. d
2. l
3. r
4. h
5. m
6. f
7. k
8. b
9. e
10. c
11. i
12. g
13. j
14. o
15. q
16. a
17. p
18. n
19. t
20. s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
c
b
d
d
= 1. c
2. f
3. g
4. e
5. i
6. j
7. h
8. b
9. a
10.d
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