Download Molecular Basis of Inheritance Review 2 ANSWERS

Molecular Basis of Inheritance Review 2 ANSWERS
What is the best term/terms for the following?
1 -DNA is the blueprint or master copy of information used to construct an organism.
2- mRNA is made using DNA as a template, and carries a copy of the genetic sequence out of the nucleus to the ribosome,
where it helps build the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
3- tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome, to be joined in a specific sequence, creating a polypeptide chain.
4 -DNA Replication is a copying process where two DNA molecules are formed from one. It is needed to ensure that genetic
continuity occurs
5 - Transcription builds an RNA copy of a DNA nucleotide sequence, to carry to the ribosome
6 - ribosomes are cell organelles that build polypeptides by joining together amino acids in a sequence that is dictated by the
sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA strand.
7 -albinism is a genetic condition caused by an incorrect amino acid in the polypeptide that forms that molecule melanin,
which results in the skin, eyes, and hair have no colour.
8 - tRNA carries the amino acids to the ribosome to be added to the growing polypeptide chain
9- mRNA carries the genetic code in the form of a sequence of nucleotides from the DNA in the nucleus, to the ribosome in
the cytoplasm, and is used to direct the synthesis of proteins.
10 - RNA Processing involves modifying the pre-mRNA strand in the nucleus in preparation for its use by the ribosome in
protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
11 - M ethionine the name of the first amino acid in a polypeptide chain
12 - translation or protein synthesis is the process of building polypeptide strands (and then proteins) by joining amino acids
together in a sequence determined by the sequence of nucleotides (in groups of 3) in a strand of mRNA. It takes place in the
ribosome.
13 -RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides to a growing mRNA strand using the DNA strand as a template during Transcription.
It can start the process off from scratch.
14 -DNA Polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to a growing DNA strand on each side of a DNA strand during DNA Replication. It
needs a "primer" to start the process.
15 codon-3 nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid in a polypeptide
16 -anticodon: 3 nucleotides found at one end of a tRNA that joins on to the corresponding codon on the mRNA
17a -Hershey & Chase proved that it was actually DNA, and not protein, that carries the genetic information in cells, by using
radioactively labelled bacteriophage virus and a bacterium.
17b Watson & Crick correctly proposed the double helix structure of the DNA molecule, as well as the method by which DNA is
replicated
18- Deoxyribose sugars lack an oxygen atom on their C2 and are used by DNA
19a-Ribose sugars have an oxygen atom on their C2 and are used by RNA
19b- Purines are bicyclic (double ringed) and include adenine and guanine
20- Pyrimidines are monocyclic (single-ringed) and include thymine, cytosine and uracil
21-Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA and are composed of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base
22- Nucleic acids are a group of complex organic compounds that carry hereditary information, and are made of nucleotides
23- Thymine is only used in DNA
24- Uracil is only used in RNA
25- Guanine is a purine, made of 2 fused carbon nitrogen rings
26- Cytosine is a pyrimidine has only one carbon nitrogen ring
27 -DNA is double stranded, & contains deoxyribose sugar.
28 - RNA is single stranded, and contains the ribose sugar. Does not contain thymine, instead it contains uracil.
29- DNA- nucleic acid that is only found in the nucleus.
30 -RNA-nucleic acid that can be found in both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus.
31 -Rosalind Franklin’s Contribution: X -Ray diffraction photographs of DNA helped Watson & Crick determine that the DNA
molecule is spiral in shape.
32 - Erwin Chargaff discovered that adenine and thymine were always present in equal amounts in an organism, as were amounts
of guanine and cytosine. This led to the idea of complementary base pairing.
33 -Genes are segments of DNA that code for a particular polypeptide or protein and can be passed on to offspring
34 - Proteins are the building blocks of organisms, and are made of one or more polypeptides which consist of precise sequences of
amino acids, folded over into complex 3-dimensional shapes.
35 -mutations are errors (usually harmful) in the DNA sequence that can cause incorrect amino acid sequences to be formed in the
polypeptide chains that form proteins.
36 -mutagens are agents such as chemicals, ultraviolet light, or radioactive elements, that can induce or increase the frequency of
mutation in an organism.
37a - amino acids are molecules that are joined together by peptide bonds in a precise sequence to form a polypeptide.
37b polypeptides are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, that come together to form proteins.
38 -base pair substitutions occur when one base pair is replaced by another base pair in a DNA strand. For example, an A-T pair
can be replaced by a G-C pair. This causes one wrong amino acid to be placed in the polypeptide.
39 -Frameshift mutations occur when one or more base pairs are added or deleted from a DNA strand. This change causes all of the amino
acids downstream of the mutation to be wrong in the polypeptide formed.
40 - Cloning is the production of identical copies of molecules, genes, cells or organisms.
41 - DNA Fingerprinting is the process of using DNA. DNA fragments to identify a person or other organism
42 -The polymerase chain reaction is a technology that is used to make millions of copies of a DNA fragment in a short period of time.
43 -Translation, also called protein synthesis, is the process that occurs in the ribosomes of cells where the sequence of nucleotides in an
mRNA strand (arranged in groups of 3) is used to put together a sequence of amino acids, to form a polypeptide, which is then used to
make a protein.
Label each:
-see notes
DNA Replication
Start
Codon
Some Useful Words: Adenine, Albinism, Amino acids, Anti-Codon, Base pair substitutions, Cloning, codon, Cytosine, Deoxyribose, sugars, DNA,
DNA fingerprinting, DNA Polymerase, DNA replication, DNA transcription, Erwin Chargaff, Frameshift mutations, Genes, Guanine, mRNA, Mutagens,
Mutations, nitrogenous base, nucleic acids, nucleotides, phosphate, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polypeptides, pre-mRNA, Protein Synthesis,
Proteins, purines, pyrimidines, Ribose sugars, Ribosomes, RNA, RNA Polymerase, RNA Processing, Rosalind Franklin, thymine, Transcription,
Translation, tRNA, uracil, Watson & Crick