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2/28/2015 BIOL 241, Winter 2015 Handout for February 28, 2015 Today’s agenda: • Lecture test on Chapters 1 thru 10 (mostly 7 thru 10) • Laboratory Exercise 13 (Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System) • Laboratory Exercise 19 (The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves) Since we have not yet gotten to the textbook chapters corresponding to these two laboratory exercises, I will provide a mini-lecture as an introduction to each. Please take notes, which will count as your “inclass activity” for today. 10th Martini, Chapter 11: An Introduction to the Muscular System Basically, a whole lot of anatomy … with a few notes on muscle architecture and levers. 1 2/28/2015 Muscle fascicles are arranged in different ways PARALLEL CONVERGENT CIRCULAR PENNATE contracted relaxed 10th Martini, Figure 11-1 Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues • Origins and Insertions • • • • Origin: fixed point of attachment Insertion: moving point of attachment Most muscles originate or insert on the skeleton Origin is usually proximal to insertion “Knowing which end is the origin and which is the insertion is ultimately less important than knowing where the two ends attach and what the muscle accomplishes when it contracts.” © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 2/28/2015 Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues • Remember the movement terms from the previous chapter/lab? (abduction/adduction, pronation/supination, etc.) • Now we can see how muscles achieve these movements! 10th Martini, Figure 11-3 Muscle Attachments to Other Tissues • Muscle Terminology Based on Function • Agonist (or prime mover) • Antagonist • Synergist 3 2/28/2015 Naming Skeletal Muscles • Names can indicate any of the following: • • • • • 1. Location in the body – e.g., temporalis 2. Origin and insertion – e.g., sternocleidomastoid 3. Fascicle organization – e.g., rectus abdominis 4. Relative position – e.g., vastus lateralis 5. Structural characteristics • Nature of origin – e.g., biceps femoris, triceps brachii • Shape – e.g., deltoid, orbicularis oris • Other striking features – e.g., pectoralis major • 6. Action – e.g., abductor pollicis longus Guidelines for Laboratory Exercise 13 • Main objective: study a few muscles in detail (learn their origins, insertions, actions at joints). • Muscles to study: • Facial expression muscles: • occipitofrontalis (frontalis) • • • • orbicularis oculi orbicularis oris levator labii zygomaticus • Chewing muscles: • masseter • Temporalis • Shoulder muscles: • deltoid • pectoralis major • trapezius • Muscles to study (continued): • Upper limb muscles: • biceps brachii • flexor digitorum superficialis • triceps brachii • Hip and lower limb muscles: • gastrocnemius • gluteus maximus • “hamstrings” • biceps femoris • semimembranosus • semitendinosus • “quadriceps” • rectus femoris • vastus intermedius • vastus lateralis • vastus medialis • sartorius • soleus • tibialis anterior 4 2/28/2015 Guidelines for Laboratory Exercise 13 • Complete Activities 1 through 4, focusing mostly on the “muscles to study” listed above but performing all listed “Demonstrating Operations” exercises. • Complete the Group Challenge (Name That Muscle). • Skip Activities 5 and 6. • In your lab notebook: • Answer the pre-lab quiz questions. • Answer the Group Challenge questions. • Make a large table of information for the “muscles to study” listed above. This will probably cover several pages. The columns should be: (1) Muscle, (2) Origin, (3) Insertion, (4) Action, and (5) Innervation. Leave the last column empty for now; fill in the other columns for each muscle. For the Action column, you only need to include the actions in blue font listed in Tables 13.1 to 13.9. 10th Martini Fig. 12-1: A Functional Overview of the Nervous System (& the rest of the course!) Ch. 14, 13 Ch. 15 Voluntary Ch. 16 Automatic Ch. 15 “rest & digest” / “flight or fight” 5 2/28/2015 10th Martini, Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes • Basic anatomy/organization of spinal cord & nerves • Neural circuits • Reflexes • Clinical issues • Anaesthesia • Paraplegia/quadriplegia • Nerve problems Terminology: nerve, nerve cell, neuron 10th Martini, Figure 13-6 6 2/28/2015 The spinal cord itself: gray matter & white matter 10th Martini, Figure 13-2b White matter is organized into tracts to/from the brain Image: Wikipedia 7 2/28/2015 Example: corticospinal tracts 10th Martini, Figure 15-9 Branches into and out of the spinal cord http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/figures/chapter_3/3-2.HTM 8 2/28/2015 Plexuses: interconnected networks of nerves Cervical plexus C1 – C5 Brachial plexus C5 – T1 Cervical enlargement Intercostal nerves Cervical nerves C1 – C8 Thoracic nerves T1 – T12 Lumbar enlargement Lumbar plexus L1 – L4 Sacral plexus L4 – S 4 Cauda equina Lab manual, Figure 19-5 Lumbar nerves L1 – L5 Sacral nerves S 1 – S5 Coccygeal nerve Co1 10th Martini, Figure 13-11a 9 2/28/2015 Guidelines for Laboratory Exercise 19 • Main objective: understand the general organization of the spinal cord itself and the nerves that enter and exit it. • Complete Activities 1, 2 (skip the dissection), and 3. • Do the Group Challenge (Fix the Sequence). • In your lab notebook: • Answer the group challenge questions. • Answer the following Review Sheet questions: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. • Go back to the table you created for Lab Exercise 13 and fill in the innervation column with ventral rami and nerve names! 10