Download Foundation Fitness Science Workbook

Foundation Fitness
Science
Workbook
Student Name: ______________________________ Date: _________________________
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Workbook
Learning outcome
By the completion of this topic the student will be able to
 identify the anatomical features of the human body including the bones, joints and
muscles.
 describe the physiological functions of the human body including the specific
functioning of the cardio-vascular, respiratory, digestive and nervous systems. The
student will also develop a thorough knowledge of muscle physiology and energy
systems.
Workbook Instructions
This is a NON ASSESSABLE item so you don’t have to send it back to FIT College.
This Workbook, and all workbooks, will need to be PRINTED off and filled in. It cannot be
completed online.
As you work through the chapters and lectures of this topic, use this workbook to record
information and complete tasks as they arise throughout the lectures.
Once complete, this workbook becomes a valuable reference guide for this and later topics.
Remember don’t send this back to FIT college.
Any questions regarding this workbook, tasks set, or any other issue can be addressed by
sending a message via the communication log.
NON ASSESSABLE ITEM
Do not send this workbook back to the college.
Remember to check the box for workbook complete on the web page for this topic
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1. Describe the Anatomical Position
2. Directional terms allow us to accurately describe the position or movement of one
part of the body in relation to another. Complete the following table:
Description
Superior
Inferior
Anterior/Ventral
Posterior/Dorsal
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Peripheral
Deep
Intermediate
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
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3. Label this diagram from the table just completed
4. These are terms that refer to sections of the body in terms of anatomical planes (flat
surfaces). These planes are imaginary lines - vertical or horizontal - drawn through an
upright body. The terms are used to describe the movement, position, or location of
a specific body part.
Transverse Plane:
Sagittal Plane:
Coronal (Frontal) Plane:
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5. Whenever the body needs to move, bones, joints, muscles and tendons combine to
form a biomechanical lever system to achieve this. Describe the movements in the
table below.
Adjusting angle Flexion between two
parts in Sagittal
Plane
Extension -
Adjusting
Abduction relation to
midline of body
in Frontal Plane
Adduction -
Rotating body Internal rotation (or medial
parts about the rotation)
long axis of the
limb or bone
External rotation (or lateral rotation)
Adjusting
Elevation elevation of the
Scapula
Depression -
Pronation -
Supination -
Dorsi flexion -
Plantar flexion -
Rotation of the
forearm
Flexion of the
entire foot
Movement of the Eversion sole of the foot
Inversion -
6. Additional movements
Circumduction
Horizontal flexion
Horizontal extension
Lateral Flexion
Hyper-extension
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7. The adult human skeleton usually consists of 206 bones which are connected by
various joints. Muscles produce force which causes movement at these joints. These
bones can be grouped in two divisions: Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton.
Describe the bones involved in each group
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
8. Describe each of the functions of the skeleton.
Function
Description
9. Explain the following terms used in reference to bone and joint structure
Articulation
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Connective tissue
Cartilage
Tendon
Ligament
Bursa
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10. Define the following bone shapes
Sesamoid bones:
Long bones:
Short bones.
Flat bones:
Irregular Bones:
11. These are some anatomical terms that serve to describe the shapes and contours of
a bone. Explain each of the following terms.
Projections or processes
 Crest – ___________________________________________________________

Line - ____________________________________________________________

Spine - ____________________________________________________________

Head - _____________________________________________________________

Facet - ____________________________________________________________

Tubercle - __________________________________________________________

Tuberosity - _________________________________________________________

Trochanter - _________________________________________________________

Epicondyle - _________________________________________________________

Condyle - ____________________________________________________________

Ramus - ____________________________________________________________
Depressions or cavities
 Meatus -______________________________________________________________

Fossa - _______________________________________________________________

Fissure -______________________________________________________________

Sinus - _______________________________________________________________

Foramen - ____________________________________________________________

Sulcus, Groove, or Furrow - _____________________________________________
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12. Joints can be classified according to the degree and type of movement, describe the
following joint types:
Fibrous (or Immovable) Joints:
Cartilaginous Joints:
Synovial joints:
13. List the five classes of tissue in synovial joints:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
14. Define the following terms.
Articular Cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage:
Fibrocartilage:
Synovium (articular capsule)
Synovial Fluid:
Tendon sheaths and bursae:
Ligaments and tendons:
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15. Describe the following Synovial Joints
Ball and socket:
Hinge:
Gliding:
Pivot:
Condyloid/Ellipsoid:
Saddle:
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MAJOR JOINTS
16. Complete the following table
Joint
Bones involved
Actions possible
Ankle
Knee
Hip
Sacroiliac
Shoulder
Scapula-thoracic
Elbow
Wrist
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17. Name the following bones on the skeleton
18. Factors that affect bone density and strength include:
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MUSCLE ANATOMY
19. Define the following terms
Origin - ____________________________________________________________________
Insertion - __________________________________________________________________
20. Label the following muscles names (on this and the next page)
14
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
28
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
40
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5
6
7
8
9
10
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
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21. Complete the following tables using your choice of the major muscles
Muscle Name
Origin
Insertion
Action
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Shape
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Muscle Name
Origin
Insertion
Action
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Shape
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22. The major function of the cardio-vascular system is to:
23. Label the following heart diagram.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
24. Describe the blood flow through the heart
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25. The respiratory system provides a means by which oxygen can be taken up by the
blood and carbon dioxide can be removed from the body. Label the following
structures of the respiratory system.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
26. Describe Inspiration (breathing in):
27. Describe Expiration (breathing out):
28. Describe External Inspiration:
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29. Describe Internal Expiration:
30. Describe Red blood cells
31. Describe White blood cells
32. Our blood has several important functions, describe them:
Transportation:
Regulation:
Protection:
33. Describe Systemic Circulation:
34. Describe Pulmonary Circulation:
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35. If we follow the path of a single red blood cell from the heart to the body tissues we
would see that it passes through the various sizes and types of blood vessels.
Describe each of the vessels.
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venuoles
Veins
Obviously, as the intensity of aerobic exercise increases, our cardiovascular system will have
to work harder to carry more oxygen to the working muscles.
36. Complete the following table to illustrate the major changes that occur within our
cardiovascular system during exercise to facilitate this:
Structure
Change
Outcome
Mouth, nose trachea
Lungs
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
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37. Describe the role of the following parts of the digestive system.
Mouth:
Pharynx:
Oesophagus:
Stomach:
Small Intestine:
Large Intestine:
Rectum / anus:
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38. - The nervous system is broken up into ‘divisions’. Describe each one
1. CNS
2. PNS
3a. Afferent Sensory Neurons
3b. Efferent Sensory Neurons
4a. Autonomic Nervous System
4b. Somatic Nervous System
5a. Sympathetic division
5b. Parasympathetic division
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39. Label the nerve cell diagram
40. List and describe the types of muscle contractions
41. Describe the main functions of muscle tissue
42. Describe the two main fibre types
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43. List the different shapes of Muscles & Fibre Arrangement, describe each and give an
example of a muscle that matches this type
44. Energy from the food we eat is made available for use by the body’s cell through a
molecule called ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).
ATP→ ______+ ______ + ________
45. Our cells only have enough ATP stored to last for a very short period of time (only a
few seconds). Once this has been used more ATP needs to be produced. Fuel
molecules from our foods can be broken down to provide energy which can be used
to join adenosine diphosphate and phosphate to form adenosine triphosphate.
ADP + P + energy from food fuels →_________
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Our energy systems break down the food fuels to reproduce ATP. There are three energy
systems at work in our body. These systems operate together however the extent to which
one takes over depends on the intensity and duration of the activity.
46. Energy in our body can be produced two ways
Anaerobically - ________________________________________.
Aerobically - ________________________________________.
47. Describe the Alactic or phosphogen system.
48. Describe the Lactic or Glycolytic System
49. Describe the Aerobic System
50. Describe Anaerobic Threshold
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51. What does Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) mean?
52. Explain Steady state
53. Explain Maximal aerobic capacity
54. Describe Oxygen debt and EPOC
55. Explain the difference between the Slow and Fast component:
Foundation Fitness Science Workbook v1.0 January 2014