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Name ___________________________________ Block _____________ CHAPTER 2 – A CHANGING WORLD For centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire, the people of western Europe were isolated from the rest of the world. Their world which was dominated by the Catholic Church, was divided into many small kingdoms and city-states. People who followed the Catholic Church were known as Christians. Another religion, called Islam, was sweeping across the Middle East and Africa. The people who followed this religion were called Muslims. As Muslim power grew, European Christians became concerned that they would lose access to the Holy Land, the birthplace of Christianity, in what is now Israel. In 1100, the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church, declared that Muslim Turks had seized a portion of the Holy Land and he called for a war against the Muslims to get it back. This war became known as the Crusades. The Crusades were a holy war. The Crusades were fought for 200 years! It brought Europeans into contact with the Middle East. The Crusaders brought back stories of another part of the world as well as carpets, silks, perfumes, precious stones and spices such as pepper, cinnamon and cloves. In 1271, two Italian brothers, the Polo brothers and a son of one of them, Marco, traveled across Asia to China. Marco Polo spent 17 years there working for the Mongol emperor, Kublai Khan. He learned a lot about the advanced culture of the Chinese. Upon arriving back home in Italy, Marco Polo wrote a book about his trip to China. It was called Travels. His book was widely read. He told about how the Chinese used paper money to buy goods and how they burned coal for heat. Marco Polo never knew that 200 years later, Christopher Columbus and other explorers would read his book and would be inspired to sail in the opposite direction to reach the same destination. In the 1450’s, Johann Gutenburg invented a printing press. It had movable type. He printed the Bible. Because of his printing press, books became more affordable. Knowledge of the world expanded. People began studying medicine, astronomy, chemistry and art. This period of time was known as the Renaissance. Why did the invention of the printing press increase people’s knowledge of the rest of the world? _______________________________________________________ POWERFUL NATIONS EMERGE With the population increase in western Europe, merchants and bankers wanted to expand their business through foreign trade. If they could buy goods directly from the East instead of having to go through Arab and Italian cities, they could earn huge profits. Also at this time, strong monarchs (kings and queens) were coming to power in Spain, Portugal, England and France. These ambitious monarchs were trying to come up with ways to increase trade and make their country the strongest and wealthiest. Maps were a big problem for early navigators. In Portugal, Prince Henry the Navigator started a navigation school (1400). In this school, mapmakers, shipbuilders and instrument makers studied how to make navigation easier. The magnetic compass, created by the Chinese, one of the instruments that made navigation easier, showed where north was. Shipbuilders started building ships that were capable of long sea voyages. The caravel was a 3- masted ship that sailed faster and could carry more supplies than earlier ships. It could also float in shallow water which allowed sailors to explore closer to land. The Portuguese began sending ships down the west coast of Africa, which explorers had never visited before. [see ship on pg.45] How did the caravel affect overseas exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries? _______________________________________________________________ AFRICAN KINGDOMS Africa was rich in natural resources. As the Portuguese sailed along the African coastline in the mid-1400’s, they set up trading posts. They traded their goods to the Africans for gold and for slaves. EARLY EXPLORERS Portugal took the lead in the exploration race. They wanted to find a new route to China and India where they could trade for gold. If they could find a new sea route around Africa, they could trade directly with China and India. In 1487, the King of Portugal sent Bartholomeu Dias to explore the southernmost part of Africa. As he approached the area, he ran into a terrible storm that carried him off course and around the southern tip of Africa. When the King of Portugal heard what had happened, he named the southern tip of land the Cape of Good Hope – he hoped that the passage around Africa might lead to a new route to India. Vasco de Gama set out from Portugal with 4 ships to find India. He sailed down the coast of West Africa, around the Cape of Good Hope to the Indian Ocean. He hired an Arab sailor who knew the Indian Ocean well and with his help sailed to India. After that, an explorer named Cabral following da Gama’s route, ended up at the tip of Brazil in South America. He claimed the land for Portugal. Portugal now had land in the Americas. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS Columbus had a different idea for reaching Asia. He thought he could get there by sailing west instead of east like everyone else was doing. Although he was born in Italy in 1451, he became a sailor for Portugal. As a sailor, he traveled as far north as the Arctic Circle and as far south as the western coast of Africa picking up navigational skills. Columbus, along with most educated people of the time believed that the earth was round. The problem was how large the earth was. Columbus underestimated this. Columbus decided that the quickest route to Asia lay west – across the Atlantic Ocean and it was his destiny to prove it. Before he could do any of this however, he had to find a sponsor to pay for the voyage. He had been to France, Portugal and England to find finances for his exploration but with no luck. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain didn’t like him. Isabella, however, wanted to share in the riches of Asian trade and was quite unhappy that Portugal was having so much success. Finally, she agreed to support Columbus because of her dislike of Portugal. In August, 1492, Columbus set out with about 90 men and 3 ships, The Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. On October 12, 1492, a lookout on the Pinta spotted land. Today, that land is part of the Bahamas. Columbus went ashore and claimed the land for Spain. He named it San Salvador. Although he didn’t know it, he had reached the Americas. He was convinced that he had found the East Indies, the islands off the coast of Asia. (he was off by about 8000 miles) Today the Caribbean Islands are often referred to as the West Indies. Thinking he was in the Indies, Columbus called the local people Indians. Columbus returned home a hero. He made 3 more voyages hoping to find China. On the second trip he discovered the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and Jamaica. His 3rd trip led him to Venezuela and his 4th took him to Honduras and Panama. He never found what he was looking for, but instead found a new continent unknown to Europeans, Asians and Africans. In the following years, the Spanish explored most of the Caribbean region which led to the establishment of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. [see Two Viewpoints, pg. 47] An Italian sea captain named Amerigo Vespucci published sensational accounts of his own voyages across the Atlantic. He decided that South America was a continent, not part of Asia. A German mapmaker who was in the process of drawing a map of the world was so impressed with Vespucci that he called the new lands America. Both Spain and Portugal wanted to protect their claims so they asked the Pope to help. He drew a line of demarcation, an imaginary line running down the middle of the globe. Spain controlled the lands to the west of the line and Portugal controlled all land to the east of the line. This divided the entire unexplored world between Spain and Portugal. WHY DID SPAIN FINANCE COLUMBUS’S VOYAGES? _________________ __________________________________________________________________ Another explorer, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, the governor of a Spanish town in Panama, had heard stories of great waters beyond the mountains. He formed an exploring party and hiked through rainforests and swamps. As he climbed to the top of a hill, he looked down and saw a huge body of water. Four days later, he walked into the waves, named it the South Sea and claimed it for Spain. It was later renamed the Pacific Ocean. The explorer who named the Pacific Ocean was Ferdinand Magellan. Sailing for Spain, he had an expedition of 5 ships hoping to find a sea route through or around South America to Asia. In 1520, he had sailed through a narrow strait at the end of South America into the Pacific Ocean. The strait still bears his name. He expected to reach Asia in just a few weeks after rounding South America, but the voyage ended up taking 4 months. The crew ran out of food and ate sawdust, rats and leather to stay alive. In the Philippines, Magellan was killed during a battle between two rival groups but some of his crew continued. The trip ended up taking almost 3 years. Only 1 of the 5 ships and 18 of the 200 crew members completed the journey. These men were the 1st to circumnavigate, or sail around, the world. See map on pg. 48. SPAIN IN NORTH AMERICA Stories of gold, silver and wealth beyond belief led the Spanish conquistadores, or explorers, to search for fabulous riches. For the right to explore, the conquistadores agreed to give the Spanish crown 1/5 of any gold or treasure found. This was a win win situation for the Spanish rulers. If a conquistadore failed, he lost his own fortune. If he succeeded, both he and Spain gained wealth and glory. Juan Ponce de Leon made the 1st Spanish landing on the mainland of North America, arriving on the coast of present day Florida. According to legend, Ponce de Leon hoped not only to find gold, but the legendary “fountain of youth.” His exploration led to the 1st Spanish settlement in the U.S., a fort in St. Augustine, Florida. EXPLORATION OF NORTH AMERICA [Read A European Story on pg 58] Protestantism spread throughout Europe. When the Pope denied King Henry VIII of England a divorce from his 1st wife, he broke away from the Catholic Church and became head of the Church of England. England became a Protestant nation. Throughout western Europe, people and nations divided into Catholics and Protestants. When these Europeans crossed the Atlantic, they took along their religious differences. The voyages of Columbus and other explorers brought together parts of the world that had never had contact with each other. The contact led to an exchange of plants, animals and diseases that changed life on both sides of the Atlantic. This was called the Columbian Exchange. [see pg. 60] WHAT WERE SOME OF THE CROPS THAT THE EUROPEANS GOT FROM THE NATIVE AMERICANS? _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ WHAT WERE SOME OF THE CROPS THAT THE EUROPEANS BROUGHT OVER HERE? _____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ WHY DID NATIVE AMERICANS DIE FROM EUROPEAN DISEASES? __________________________________________________________________ When Spain and Portugal divided up the world, it didn’t include England, France or the Netherlands so they ignored the treaty. They sent their own explorers to North America. They were after an easier way to get to Asia, a more direct water route through the Americas that they called the Northwest Passage. One French explorer, Jacques Cartier, sailed up the St. Lawrence River and founded Montreal, Canada. Henry Hudson, an English explorer wanted to find a passage through the Americas to Asia. He discovered the river that bears his name in New York. Deciding he hadn’t found a passage to India, he returned the next year and discovered a huge bay, now called Hudson Bay. After months of searching for an outlet from the bay, his crew rebelled and set him, his son and a few sailors adrift in a small boat. He was never seen again. [see map, French Explorers p. 61] The French sent explorers to what is now Canada for fur trading purposes, not for settlement. Read Chapter Summary, pg. 64 On page 64, answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper using complete sentences. Be sure to number each question: 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23