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Integrated General Biology A Contextualized Approach Active Learning Activities FIRST EDITION Jason E. Banks Julianna L. Johns Diane K. Vorbroker, PhD Directional Terms & Body Systems Chapter 14 Active Learning Activities Directional Terms & Body Systems Section 14.1 Which Way Are We Going? Directions for the Student: This lesson is designed for you to complete, on your own or in your study group. Use your notes and follow along in the text, as you find necessary. Objectives: 1. Define and use directional terms and planes of dissection for the human body. As part of the process of graphing data, we have learned that data points can be placed on a graph using x and y coordinates. An x-axis and y-axis is used to create a two-dimensional model. What happens when we need to use a third axis, a z-axis? Doing so means we need to add a third dimension to our graph, which gives us the following model of a three-dimensional coordinate space. 1. If we were to examine a point with the coordinates (3, 5, 2) what do each of these numbers mean? Distance from the origin, which is a set reference point. In geometry we must have a set reference point in order to describe the location of a point. We call this set reference point the origin, which is point (0, 0, 0). When we describe the point (3, 5, 2) all of those numbers are relative to the origin. In anatomy we use several terms to describe the location of structures in the body. Many of these terms are relative therefore we must be clear on what the reference point are for these terms if we are to make sense of them. Which Way Are We Going? 2 Directional Terms & Body Systems Active Learning Activities 2. Label the three sectional planes in the diagram below. Coronal Transverse Sagittal Use your knowledge of the sectional planes and anatomical terms described in your textbook to answer the following questions. You will also need to find labeled images of the skeleton to answer questions about the location of bones in the body. 3. Which are more medial, the eyes or the ears? eyes 4. Is the sacrum best described as caudal or cranial? caudal 5. Is the fibula on the medial or lateral side of the tibia? lateral 6. Are the cervical vertebrae the most inferior of the vertebrae or the superior most superior of the vertebrae? 7. Is the occipital bone of the skull located dorsally or ventrally? dorsally 8. Is the scapula part of the anterior or posterior trunk? posterior 9. Is the lumbar superior or inferior to the sacrum? superior 10. Are the lungs superficial or deep to the ribs? deep 11. Where is a plantar wart located? foot Having an origin, or center point from which measurements refer to, is important for graphing data. When a data point has three coordinates we can locate it in a model and then see (and of course, measure) how far it is from the origin. This geometric concept is applied in a similar way in anatomy, as Which Way Are We Going? 3 Directional Terms & Body Systems Active Learning Activities an organism’s features are all located in positions relative to another reference point. Two terms that are used in anatomy to describe location are proximal and distal. 12. What does the term "proximal" mean? Closer to the trunk than 13. What does the term "distal" mean? Farther from the trunk than Proximal and distal are terms that are typically used when comparing two anatomical features. Using these terms identifies one feature as being closer or farther to the origin than the other feature. 14. Use only the terms “proximal” and “distal” to answer the following questions. The elbow is ____________ to the shoulder. distal The elbow is ____________ to the wrist. proximal The ankle is ____________ to the knee. distal The ankle is ____________ to the toes. proximal Tarsal bones are __________to metatarsals. proximal The ulna is _____________ to the humerus. distal Being comfortable using these terms will assist in learning more of the specifics of anatomy and physiology. 15. Come up with two of your own questions and answers using these directional terms. You can use bones, muscles, organs, etc. to develop your questions and answers. Question 1: Answer: Question 2: Answer: Which Way Are We Going? 4 Directional Terms & Body Systems Active Learning Activities Section 14.2 Organ Systems and the Immune System Directions for the Student: This lesson is designed for you to complete, on your own or in your study group. Use your notes and follow along in the text, as you find necessary. Objectives: 1. Examine the 11 organ systems of the human body. 2. Describe the principal functions of each system and identify the major organs. 1. How is the human body similar to a complex machine? Share some ideas below. 2. How is the human body different from a complex machine? 3. Use what you know about organ systems to answer the following questions about the systems of the body. Which system of the body removes waste Urinary products from the blood and helps to regulate blood pH? Which ion does pH relate to? H+ Which system detects sensations and controls Nervous system movements? Your body has an army of cells that react and destroys invading pathogens. What is the name of this "system"? Immune system List three functions of the muscular system. Produce movements Maintain posture Generate body heat Organ Systems and the Immune System 5 Directional Terms & Body Systems Which system is responsible for producing blood cells? Active Learning Activities Skeletal system What is the name of the system that Cardiovascular system transports substances specializes in transporting substances around around the body. It is made up of the heart, blood, the body? List the key structures that allow for and blood vessels. this transport of materials. This system regulates important bodily functions such as growth, metabolism and reproduction. This system utilizes hormones and associated compounds to send signals throughout the body. Endocrine system. This system provides the first line of defense for many potential threats to the body. The skin is one of the major organs of this system. Integumentary system. What is the function of the respiratory system? Gas exchange (pH balance also) What are some of the major organs of the digestive system? Mouth, esophagus, intestines, liver, pancreas, etc. Which system produces oocytes? Female reproductive system In some ways a body is like a machine. Sometimes machines have problems that inhibit their functioning efficiently. 4. For each of the following systems, identify a disease or condition that affects how this system functions. Muscular system Digestive system Endocrine system Skeletal system Nervous system Urinary system Organ Systems and the Immune System 6 Directional Terms & Body Systems Active Learning Activities Immune system Integumentary system Respiratory system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Organ Systems and the Immune System 7