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Lesson One – Vaccines I Kerboodle Book Three Pages 22-23 What is an immunisation? This is an injection that inserts a vaccine. What is a vaccine? A vaccine contains a dead or weak pathogen How does a vaccine work? A vaccine tricks your body into thinking a harmful pathogen has entered your body and it triggers your immune system to start working. As a result of the vaccine you become immune to the disease. Edward Jenner (make sure you can explain how he discovered them) Kerboodle Book Three Pages 24-25 Who discovers vaccines? Lesson Two - Vaccines II How do your white blood cells fight disease? Lesson Three – Antibiotics I Your immune system detects pathogens. It triggers your white blood cells to make antibodies. Antibodies attack and destroy pathogens. White blood cells remember pathogens and can quickly make antibodies which can destroy the pathogen before you become ill. Kerboodle Book Three Pages 26-27 What do antibiotics do? Antibiotics kill bacteria. Who discovered antibiotics? Alexander Fleming (make sure you can explain how he discovered them) • Add bacteria to an agar plate. • Let it incubate. • Add circles pf paper coated in antibiotics to the dish. • See which one kills the most bacteria. Kerboodle Book Three Pages 28-29 How do you become immune to a disease? How can doctors decide which antibiotic to use? Lesson Four – Antibiotics II What does antibiotic resistant mean? How do bacteria become antibiotic resistant? How can you reduced the chance of bacteria becoming antibiotic resistant? How can we stop superbugs developing? Year Nine - Turning Points In Biology Antibiotic resistant means antibiotics cannot kill the bacteria. When bacteria multiply their DNA can be damaged or altered. This is known as mutation. • Do not stop taking antibiotics until the course is complete. • Only take antibiotics if you really need them. • Wash hands thoroughly • Use antiseptics on cuts and grazes. • Clean toilets with disinfectants. • Use sterile medical equipment. Lesson Five - DNA What is a gene? Name the shape of DNA. Name the four DNA bases. Which female scientist worked on the structure of DNA? Who identified the double helix? Lesson Six – Charles Darwin What is natural selection? What is peer review? What evidence is there for the theory of evolution? Lesson Seven – Preventing extinction What does extinct mean? What do you call animals that are at risk of extinction? How can species become endangered? Give three ways that you can prevent extinction. Year Nine - Turning Points In Biology Kerboodle Book Three Pages 30-31 A gene contains instructions (the code) for characteristics The double helix Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick Kerboodle Book Three Pages 32-33 Natural selection is Darwin’s theory that organisms most suited to their environment survive. Peer review is where scientists read each other’s work to check it • Fossils • Development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. • Extinction Kerboodle Book Three Pages 34-35 Extinct means no organisms of that particular species are alive anywhere in the world. Endangered species • Loss of habitat • Poachers • • Conservation • Captive Breeding • Seed Banks (Make sure you can explain what each of these are )