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Unit 4 Notes Part 2 Rayna McElhiney Mr. Kann October 14th 2016 Unit 4 Notes Lewis and Clark (202): ● In 1803, Jefferson planned expedition where they would investigate prospects for trade with Indians and get geographical facts about the new discovered land across the Pacific Oceans ● Named leaders of the expedition ○ Meriwether Lewis ­ veteran of the Indian wars ○ William Clark­ an experienced frontiersman and Indian fighter ● In the spring of 1804, went on journey that started going up the Missouri River from St. Louis ○ Shoshone woman S
acagawea was their guide ■ She helped them cross the Rocky Mountains, the snake and Columbia Rivers ● In late autumn of 1805, the camped out on the specific coast ● By September of 1806, they were back in St. Louis ○ They brought back elaborate records of the geography they encountered and the Indian civilization they had observed during their time exploring ○ They also came back with a long diary explaining their entire experience ● Jefferson dispatched other explorers to other parts of the Louisiana Territory ○ All while Lewis and Clark were on their journey ● Zebulon Montgomery Pike led an expedition in fall of 1805 from St. Louis to the upper Mississippi Valley ○ He went again in the summer of 1806 through the valley of the Arkansas River and into what is now (or what later became) colorado ■ Where he tried, but failed, to climb a peak that is named after him (now) ○ His findings/journeys created an inaccurate impression of what many Americans thought of that the land between the Missouri River and the Rockies was an uninhabitable and uncultivated desert The Burr Conspiracy ( 202­204): ● Jefferson triumphant re elected in 1804 ○ wanted / suggested that most of the nation approve the new territorial acquisition ■ Some of the NE federalists were really against it ●
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They thought that the more the West grew and the more new states joined the union, the less power the federalists and their region would get ■ In MA the most extreme federalists, known as the E
ssex Junto ● They thought that the only recourse for NE was to secede from the Union and form a separate “ Northern Confederacy” ○ If this confederacy wanted to last, it would have to have NY and NJ as well ■ Alexander Hamilton, the leading federalist in New York did not support the idea because he said there would be no relief given to our real disease which is democracy ○ Federalists in NY turned to Hamilton's greatest rival: Vice President Aaron Burr ■ He was a politician without prospects in his own party, Jefferson never forgiving him the the 1800 election deadlock ○ Burr agreed to a Federalist proposal that he became their candidate for governor of NY in 1804 ■ Rumors he also agreed to the Federalists plans for secession Hamilton accused Burr of plotting treason and made many private remarks (reported in the press) about his (Burrs) “despicable” character ○ Burr lost election and blamed Hamilton Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and scared that if he refused he would be labeled as a coward he accepted ○ In 1804, the morning in July for the duel in NJ ■ Hamilton was wounded and died the next day ○ Burr had to flee because he might of been charged for murder Burr began corresponding with white settlers in the SOuthwest especially General James Wilkinson ○ He was the new governor of the L
ouisiana Territory THey both wanted to lead an expedition that would seize Mexico from the Spanish Rumors that Burr wanted to separate the southwest from the US and create a new western empire that Burr would rule ○ Little evidence that this was true Jefferson chose to believe this ○ Jefferson ordered Burrs men and him to be arrested as traitors ○ Jefferson managed his case from Washington to have Burr convicted ■ Chief Justice Marshall made it so there was little to no evidence making the jury have to vote for him to be unguilty Expansion and War (204): ●
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Counting tension in Europe, which caused in 1803 moved into a full scale conflict causing the N
apoleonic Wars British and French tried to prevent the US from trading with each other In the North and the SOuth the threatened tribes were mobilized to resist white encroachment ○ Began to make connections with the british forces in canada and spain forces in florida Conflict on the Seas (204): ● Dramatic expansion of AMerican shipping in the Atlantic ● British continued to have superiority over naval ○ British merchant marine was preoccupied with commerce in Europe and Asia and gave little energy to trading with America ● US then stepped effectively in the void and developed one of the most important merchant marines in the world ○ Soon controlled a large proportion of the trade between Europe and the West Indies ● The B
attle of Trafalgar ○ A British fleet virtually destroyed what was left of the French Navy ● France could no longer challenge the British at sea so N
apoleon now wanted to pressure England through economic rather than naval means ● This lead to him calling for the Continental System ○ Which was designed to close the European continent to BRitish trade ● Napoleon issued a bunch of decrees barring British ships and neutral ships that had called at British ports from landing them at any European port controlled by France or its allies ● British government relied on relied on his decrees by establishing a blockage of the European coast ○ This blockade required that any goods being shipped to Napoleon's europe be carried and brought over by British vessels or neutral vessels making sure to stop at british ports ■ This is what napoleon's policies forbade ● American ships were caught between the orders of the British and Napoleon's decrees ○ If they took one route they would be caught by the British navy, if they took another route they would risk being seized by the French ■ Both of the warring powers were violating Americans rights as a neutral nation ○ Most Americans considered the BRitish ships the worse offender ○ Some British vessels stopped US ships on the high seas and seized sailors off the decks ■ Making them victims of impressment Impressment (204­205): ●
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The British navy was knows as f loating Hell t o its sailors ○ Because its flogging low pay and terrible shipboard conditions Most were forced into the job By 1807 most of these deserters had joined the AMerican merchant Marine or the American Navy In 1807, BRitish went to more extremes in an incident involving a vessel of the American Navy ○ When two ships, one American and one British, encountered each other, the American commander J
ames Barron, r efused to allow the British to search there ship ■ Causing the British to fire on their ship ■ Barron had no choice but to surrender and the British ship dragged four men off the American one ○ When this incident was heard of in the US, they wanted to rebel and get revenge ○ WOuld have declared war if Congress was still in session ■ But didn't because Jefferson and Madison tried to maintain the peace ● Did many things to prevent this incident and others like this incident from happening again “Peaceable Coercion” (205­206): ● In effort to prevent future incidents that might start a war, Jefferson presented and Republican legislators enacted a drastic measure known as the Embargo ○ It became one of the most controversial political issues of its time ○ The E
mbargo prohibited American ships from leaving the US for any foreign port anywhere in the world ○ Congress also passed the “ Force act” t o give the government power to enforce the Embargo ● Hardest hit from this were merchants and shipowners of the Northeast, most being federalist ● There shipping business was at a standstill and they were losing money everyday ○ They thought that Jefferson had acted unconstitutionally ● In 1808, there was an election and James Madison, jefferson's secretary of state and political ally, won the presidency ● The Embargo began to become a clear growing political liability and Jefferson had to back down ● He approved a bill a few days before leaving office called the “p
eaceable coercion” ○ And while replacing the embargo Congress passed the N
on Intercourse Act just before Madison took office ■ This new law reopened trade with all nations but GB and France ○ In 1810 Congress allowed the NOn Intercourse act to expire and he replaced it with Macon's bill No. 2 ■ This reopened free commercial relations with Britain and France, but it gave the president power to prohibit commerce with either belligerent if ○
one had continued to violate the neutral shipping after the other had stopped Napoleon announced that France would no longer interfere with American shipping and Madison announced that an embargo against GB alone would go into effect in early 1811 unless Britain announced its restriction on American shipping ■ This ew embargo hurt the economy of England enough that the government had to repeal its blockade of Europe ● This repeal came too late to prevent a war The “Indian Problem” and the British (206­207): ● Many NA continued to look to England, which had previously attempted to limit western expansion, for protection ● The British in Canada had relied on the tribes as partners in the lucrative fur trade and as potential military allies ● In 1807 war crisis followed the C
hesapeake Leopard i ncident (2 boats collided, seizing 4 sailors) ○ This cause 2 important leaders, W
illiam Henry Harrison a
nd T
ecumseh to emerge to oppose one another's conflict ■ Harrison was a committed advocate of the growth and development in the western lands and was largely responsible for the passage in 1800 of the so called Harrison Land Law ● That enable white settlers to acquire farms from the public domain on much easier terms than before ○ In 1801, Jefferson made Harrison the governor of the Indiana Territory to administer the president's proposed solution to the Indian Problem ■ Gave the NA a choice either they could convert themselves into settled farmers and assimilate and become part of a white society or they could migrate to the west of the Mississippi ● In both situations they would have to give up their claims to their tribal lands in the Northwest ● By 1807 the Us had extracted from the reluctant tribal leaders treaty rights to eastern Michigan, southern Indiana and most of the ILlinois ● In the Southeast, the white Americans were taking millions of acres of land from other tribes ○ Indians wanted to resist but the separate tribes were helpless by themselves against the powerful US Tecumseh and the Prophet (207­208): ● Tenskwatawa was a charismatic religious leader and orator known as the Prophet ● He began to speak to his people about the superior virtues of Indian civilization and the sinfulness and corruption of the white world ○
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He held a religious revival that spread through numerous tribes and helped unite them He maintained that Harrison and others by negotiating treaties with individual tribes and had obtained no real title to land The land had belonged to all of the tribes none of them could rightfully cede any of it without the consent of the others In 1811, Tecumseh left and traveled down the Mississippi to visit the tribes of the south and try to persuade them to joining the alliance He camped near Prophetstown with one thousand soldiers and on November 7, 1811, he started a fight ○ Harrison drove off the Indians and burned the town down, known as the B
attle of Tippecanoe ■ Many of his followers left because they believed that his magic could protect them but this incident proved it couldn't ○ But many were still up for combat and in the spring of 1812, they went from Michigan to Mississippi raiding white settlements and terrifying white settlers Florida and War Fever (208­209): ● “Frontiersman” in North wanted Canada, South wanted to get Spanish Florida in order to stop Indian attacks, gain access to rivers w/ port access ● In 1810 settlers in West Florida captured Spanish fort at Baton Rouge ● President Madison agreed to annex territory ○ Spain Britain’s ally, made pretext for war ● By 1812 “ war harks” elected during 1810 elections eager for war ○ some ardent nationalists seeking territorial expansion, others defense of Republican values ● Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky and J
ohn Calhoun of SC led Republicans in pressing for Canadian invasion ● Madison declared war June 18, 1812 Battles with the Tribes (209): ● Americans forced to surrender Detroit and Fort Dearborn (Chicago) in first months. On seas American frigates and privateers successful ● by 1813 Britain navy being that they were less occupied w/ Napoleon, devoted resources and imposed blockade ● US began to have success in Great Lakes ○ Oliver Perry beat Britain at P
ut­In­Bay in 1
813 ■ burned capital at York ● William Henry Harrison victorious at Battle of the Thames­ disheartened Natives of North West and diminished ability to defend his claims ● Andrew Jackson defeated Creek Indians in the B
attle of Horseshoe Bend 1814 ○ continued invasion into Florida and captured Pensacola in September of 1814 Battles with the British (209­211): ● After they surrendered in 1814 England prepared to invade US ○ landed a
rmada in Chesapeake region. ○ In August of 1814 they captured and burned down Washington ● Americans at Fort McHenry in Baltimore repelled Brit attack in September ○ This battle is what F
rancis Scott Key witnessed, wrote “ The Star­Spangled Banner” ● Britain also repelled in NY at B
attle of Plattsburgh in September January 1815 ● Andrew Jackson wildly successful at B
attle of New Orleans ○ After the treaty had been signed The Revolt of New England (211): ● US failures from 1812­1815 ○ This led to increased government opposition ○ In NE opposition to war and Republican government ■ Federalists led by Daniel Webster led Congressional opposition ● Federalists in New England wanted the separation of the nation to escape tyranny of slaveholders and backwoodsmen ● Dec 1814 convention at Hartford ○ This evidently led to nothing ■ because of news of Jackson’s smashing success at New Orleans ● Two days later news of the peace treaty arrived The Peace Settlement (212): ● Aug 1814 J
ohn Quincy Adams , H
enry Clay, a
nd A
lbert Gallatin met in Ghent, Belgium with Britain diplomats ○ Final treaty did little but end fighting ■ US dropped call to end impressments ■ Brit dropped call for Indian buffer in NW ● Britain accepted because they were tired of war ● They were also indebted after N
apoleonic conflict ● US believed with end of E
urope conflict less commercial interference would occur ● Treaty of Ghent signed Dec 1814 ○ This was free trade agreement 1815 ○ later R
ush­Bagot Agreement of 1817 ■ This led to the disarmament on Great Lakes ● War disastrous to Natives ○ lands captured in fighting and it was never restored ○ most of the important allies now gone from NW Crash Course 10: ● Elections in the 1800’s: ○
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John Adams ran for office­ he was a Federalist Jefferson ran for office­ he was a Republican ■ Both parties ran candidates and campaigned ○ Election went to the House of Representatives ■ Jefferson was elected for office, many upset/unhappy ● “Jefferson and Liberty” ○ only applied to white men ○ gave no liberty to slaves ■ large scale slave uprisings the pirates kept ransacking our ships ○ didn’t want to spend money on the military Jefferson wanted to make government smaller etc. ○ didn’t want it to be like Britain Napoleon offered to sell Jefferson land ○ bought the land for a lot of money went to explore Louisiana Purchase ● got rid of all taxes 1803­ Marbury vs. Madison ○ power of Judicial review ■ gave court such power Jefferson wanted free trade among nations, way he did that was to have people not come onto British sea ○ Britain and France too busy fighting each other ■ Embargo limited the power of the Federal Gov ● took away people's liberties ○ increased manufacturing