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People of the
American Civil War
1861-1865
West Virginia CSO/NxG Social Studies Standard
SS.5.H.CL1.4-compare the roles and accomplishments
of historic figures of the Civil War. (e.g., Abraham
Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg
Address, Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, Robert E.
Lee, Clara Barton and Frederick Douglass, etc.).
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Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)
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Abraham Lincoln was the President of the United States during the American
Civil War, which meant he was the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Armed
Forces.
He issued a blockade against southern ports when South Carolina and other
southern states succeeded from the Union.
President Lincoln was responsible for appointing commanders in the army, such as
Commander George B. McClellan.
Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863,
which declared that all persons held as slaves in the Confederacy shall be free.
President Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address in Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania to honor those who had died in battle.
He appointed William Sherman to become the Commander in the West in 1864.
Lincoln worked for re-election and was re-elected as president in November 1864.
President Lincoln was assassinated five days after Confederate General, Robert
E. Lee surrendered to Union General, Ulysses S. Grant at the Appomattox
Court House in Virginia, which ended the American Civil War.
Jefferson Davis (1808-1889)
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Jefferson Davis served as the President of the Confederate
States of America during the American Civil War.
Prior to being elected as president, Davis served in the army, was a
senator from Mississippi, and was a secretary of war.
Davis faced many issues during the war, such as managing the war
effort, controlling the economy, and keeping the Confederacy united.
He had a hard time dealing with domestic politics, which really
effected him and the Confederates’ war efforts.
In April 1865, when the Union armies surrounded Richmond,
Virginia, Davis fled with his family. He was captured in May and was
charged with treason.
He served two years in prison and later had trouble supporting
himself. He lived off his family and friends until his death in 1889.
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Robert E. Lee (1807-1870)
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Robert E. Lee served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.
In June 1861, just two months after the start of the war, he became the
commander of the Army of Northern Virginia.
General Lee was very successful in many battles, especially the Battle of
Chancellorsville in Virginia.
Lee was unsuccessful at the Battle of Gettysburg because he was hasty in
following through with the plan, known as Pickett’s Charge. Lee had failed to
understand the Union’s improved weapons. This really cost the Confederate
army.
Lee surrendered to Union General, Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865.
In the winter of 1865, President Davis, appointed Lee as the General in Chief
of the Armies of the Confederacy, but the Confederates had already lost the
war.
Lee became the president of Washington College after the war.
In October 1870, Robert E. Lee died of heart disease.
Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885)
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Ulysses S. Grant served in the Union during the American Civil War.
Ten months after the Civil War began, Grant had his first major victory in
Tennessee. His troops captured Fort Donelson and Grant demanded that
the Confederate general surrender immediately.
He was also responsible for laying siege in Vicksburg, Mississippi in July
1863 until the Confederates surrendered.
In March 1864, President Lincoln appointed Grant lieutenant general , in
which he was in command of all United States armies.
Due to his determination and leadership, General Grant finally wore down
the Confederacy, which led to their surrender.
Ulysses. S. Grant became a national hero, and in 1869 became the 18th
President of the United States and served until 1877.
He traveled the world for the next two years.
In 1884, Grant was diagnosed with throat cancer and died in July 1885.
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Frederick Douglass (1818-1895)
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Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in which he tried to escape twice
before he succeeded.
Douglass was an abolitionist, a person who wanted to end slavery, and he
regularly attended abolitionist meetings.
After sharing his story, Douglass became an anti-slavery lecturer.
William Lloyd Garrison published a weekly anti-slavery journal called The
Liberator. Garrison was so impressed by Douglass that he wrote about him
in The Liberator.
Douglass began traveling and giving speeches and lectures against slavery.
In 1845, he published his first autobiography entitled, Narrative of the Life
of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. The book became a best seller.
Douglass was very influential and after the Civil War, he was appointed to
several political positions, such as minister-resident to the Republic of Haiti.
Frederick Douglass was the first African American to be nominated for vice
president of the United States , although he never campaigned.
Douglass continued to speak out against slavery until his death on February
20, 1895.
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People might not get all they work
for in this world, but they must
certainly work for all they get.
-Frederick Douglass
Clara Barton (1821-1912)
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Clara Barton was a relief organizer and humanitarian who was against slavery.
At the beginning of the Civil War, she was one of the first volunteers to care for
wounded soldiers.
Barton continued to care for soldiers in the field, where she organized men to
prepare food and carry water and to perform first aid. She would travel with her
supply wagons giving aid to Union casualties and the Confederate prisoners.
In 1865, President Lincoln appointed Barton the General Correspondent for
the Friends of Paroled Prisoners where she responded to friends and families
after locating missing soldiers.
As a member of the International Red Cross, Barton established the American
Red Cross in 1880, and served as the first president.
She volunteered in Cuba during the Spanish-American War in 1898.
Clara Barton died in 1912.
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The Gettysburg Address
President Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address in Pennsylvania, at the dedication ceremony for the
National
Cemetery
Gettysburg. This was the cite of one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War.
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Lincoln wanted to honor the many soldiers who lost their lives during the battle.
He spoke about the importance of liberty, the sacrifices of war, and the importance of preserving the
Union.
Lincoln spoke for less than two minutes, but his speech has been remembered as one of the most
important ever given in American history.
The day after the ceremony, Lincoln’s speech was reprinted in newspapers all around the country.
“Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in
Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.”
― Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address
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Emancipation Proclamation
Although Abraham Lincoln did not agree with slavery and found it to be repugnant, his focus was to preserve the Union during the
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When thousands of slaves were fleeing to join the armies in the North, Lincoln realized that abolishing slavery would be a strong military
strategy.
On September 22, 1862, he issued a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation which declared that slaves in the Confederate states “shall
be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”
The Emancipation Proclamation was official on January 1, 1863 and when it took effect, of the 4 million slaves in the Confederacy, 3.1
million were freed.
This proclamation also recruited many freed slaves and free blacks to join the Union army and navy. During the next two and half years,
180,000 freed slaves and free blacks fought in the army and 10,000 fought in the navy.
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Works Cited
Biography.com Editors, Frederick Douglass Biography, http://www.biography.com/people/frederick-douglass-9278324,
2016, A&E
Television Networks
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CivilWar.org, Clara Barton, http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/biographies/clara-barton.html, February 6,2016, Civil
War Trust
Historyplace.com, 1996, The History Place Presents A. Lincoln, http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/, January 30, 2016, The
History Place
History.com, 2009, Jefferson Davis, http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/jefferson-davis, January 31, 2016,A+E
Networks
History.com, 2009, Robert E. Lee, http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/robert-e-lee, January 31, 2016, A+E
Networks
History.com, 2010,The Gettysburg Address, http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/gettysburg-address, February
6, 2016, A+E Networks
History.com, 2009, Ulysses S. Grant, http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/ulysses-s-grant, February 1,2016, A+E
Networks
Miniadler, 2011, February 16, The Gettysburg Address-Abraham Lincoln 1863, Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4Bojjx_Dew&feature=youtu.be
Simon and Schuster Books, 2014, September 9, History in Five: Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation,
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zt65UV6Fspc