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Evolution and Biodiversity: Chapter 5 1. Describe the major steps or events that occurred (or likely occurred) in Earth’s chemical and biological evolution. 2. Approximately how old is earth? 3. Describe earth’s early atmosphere: 4. Were earth’s first cells probably aerobic or anaerobic? Briefly explain: 5. Were earth’s first cells aquatic or terrestrial? Why was this essential? 6. Approximately how many years of chemical evolution preceded biological evolution: 7. How do we know what organisms lived in the past? 8. Define Biological Evolution: 9. Contrast Microevolution and Macroevolution: 10. Relate Gene Pool and Microevolution: 11. Contrast Gene Flow and Genetic Drift: 12. What role does Natural Selection play in Microevolution? 13. Identify the three conditions recognized by Charles Darwin that are necessary for evolution of a population by natural selection: 14. Complete the following phrase which is often used to summarize the microevolution process; _______ mutate, ____________ are selected, and _______________evolve. 15. Summarize the Peppered Moth (Biston betularia) Case Study: 16. Describe the three basic types of Natural Selection: 17. Describe Coevolution, to include an example: 18. Provide two examples of Artificial Selection: 19. What is an Ecological Niche? Contrast niche with habitat: 20. Contrast Realized Niche with Fundamental Niche; which is essentially always larger? Explain: 21. Describe the major characteristics of (a) Generalists and (b) Specialists 22. How does an Ecological Niche relate to Adaptation? 23. Define and give an example of Convergent Evolution: 24. What are the major limitations on Adaptation? 25. Describe the two phases of the most common mechanism by which Speciation occurs: (a) Geographic Isolation: (b) Reproductive Isolation: 26. Contrast Background Extinctions and Mass Extinctions: 27. Relate Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, and Pangaea: 28. Contrast the Gradualist Model of Evolution with the Punctuated Equilibrium Hypothesis: 29. It was near the end of this era that the most recent mass extinction that is recorded in the fossil record took place; how many years ago was this? 30. It was during the first 10-12 million years of this era that the adaptive radiation of mammals began; is this adaptive radiation completed or is it still occurring? 31. Describe the Biologist’s definition of “Fitness”: 32. How do Speciation and Extinction influence Biodiversity? Important Terminology & Concepts : Chapter 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Chemical & Biological Evolution: Protocells Hydrothermal Vents Fossils The Oxygen Revolution Micro- and Macro-evolution Genetic Variability Gene Pool Alleles 10. Mutations and Mutagens 11. Natural Selection 12. Gene Flow 13. Genetic Drift 14. Differential Reproduction 15. Adaptation 16. Directional Natural selection 17. Stabilizing Natural Selection 18. Diversifying Natural Selection 19. Coevolution 20. Ecological Niche 21. Habitat 22. Fundamental Niche and Realized Niche 23. Generalist and Specialist Species 24. Speciation 25. Geographic Isolation 26. Reproductive Isolation 27. Divergent Evolution 28. Extinction: Background & Mass 29. Adaptive Radiations 30. Gradualist Model of Evolution 31. Punctuated Equilibrium Hypothesis 32. Fitness 33. Biodiversity