Download Evolution and Biodiversity: Chapter 5 1. Describe the major steps or

Evolution and Biodiversity: Chapter 5
1. Describe the major steps or events that occurred (or likely occurred) in Earth’s chemical and
biological evolution.
2. Approximately how old is earth?
3. Describe earth’s early atmosphere:
4. Were earth’s first cells probably aerobic or anaerobic? Briefly explain:
5. Were earth’s first cells aquatic or terrestrial? Why was this essential?
6. Approximately how many years of chemical evolution preceded biological evolution:
7. How do we know what organisms lived in the past?
8. Define Biological Evolution:
9. Contrast Microevolution and Macroevolution:
10. Relate Gene Pool and Microevolution:
11. Contrast Gene Flow and Genetic Drift:
12. What role does Natural Selection play in Microevolution?
13. Identify the three conditions recognized by Charles Darwin that are necessary for evolution of
a population by natural selection:
14. Complete the following phrase which is often used to summarize the microevolution process;
_______ mutate, ____________ are selected, and _______________evolve.
15. Summarize the Peppered Moth (Biston betularia) Case Study:
16. Describe the three basic types of Natural Selection:
17. Describe Coevolution, to include an example:
18. Provide two examples of Artificial Selection:
19. What is an Ecological Niche? Contrast niche with habitat:
20. Contrast Realized Niche with Fundamental Niche; which is essentially always larger? Explain:
21. Describe the major characteristics of (a) Generalists and (b) Specialists
22. How does an Ecological Niche relate to Adaptation?
23. Define and give an example of Convergent Evolution:
24. What are the major limitations on Adaptation?
25. Describe the two phases of the most common mechanism by which Speciation occurs: (a)
Geographic Isolation: (b) Reproductive Isolation:
26. Contrast Background Extinctions and Mass Extinctions:
27. Relate Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, and Pangaea:
28. Contrast the Gradualist Model of Evolution with the Punctuated Equilibrium Hypothesis:
29. It was near the end of this era that the most recent mass extinction that is recorded in the fossil
record took place; how many years ago was this?
30. It was during the first 10-12 million years of this era that the adaptive radiation of mammals
began; is this adaptive radiation completed or is it still occurring?
31. Describe the Biologist’s definition of “Fitness”:
32. How do Speciation and Extinction influence Biodiversity?
Important Terminology & Concepts : Chapter 5
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Chemical & Biological Evolution:
Protocells
Hydrothermal Vents
Fossils
The Oxygen Revolution
Micro- and Macro-evolution
Genetic Variability
Gene Pool
Alleles
10. Mutations and Mutagens
11. Natural Selection
12. Gene Flow
13. Genetic Drift
14. Differential Reproduction
15. Adaptation
16. Directional Natural selection
17. Stabilizing Natural Selection
18. Diversifying Natural Selection
19. Coevolution
20. Ecological Niche
21. Habitat
22. Fundamental Niche and Realized Niche
23. Generalist and Specialist Species
24. Speciation
25. Geographic Isolation
26. Reproductive Isolation
27. Divergent Evolution
28. Extinction: Background & Mass
29. Adaptive Radiations
30. Gradualist Model of Evolution
31. Punctuated Equilibrium Hypothesis
32. Fitness
33. Biodiversity