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Chemical Reactions. Vocabulary: Define each word and use it in a sentence or create a diagram/illustration Compound Chemical formula 3. Subscript* 4. Coefficient 1. 2. CO2 emissions Fossil fuels: C8H18(l) + O2(g) à CO2(g) + H2O(g) Liquid gasoline reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water Ocean Acidification: CO2(g) + H2O(l) à H2CO3(aq) Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to produce carbonic acid. Anatomy of a chemical formula chemical formula: a combination of symbols and numbers that describe the amount and type of atoms that form a compound. Example: CuSO4(aq) Atomic symbols describe the type of atoms in the compound (copper→ Cu, sulfur→ S, oxygen→ O) subscript numbers appear after the atomic symbol and describe the number of atoms in the compound (1 copper, 1 sulfur, 4 oxygen) subscript letters describe the physical state of the compound: s = solid, l = liquid, g = gas, aq = aqueous! study question 1 H2CO3(aq) 1. 2. 3. 4. In the above formula: How many H atoms? How many C atoms? How many O atoms? What is the physical state? Describing Chemical Reactions An equation describes a chemical reaction or a physical change n Reactants: chemicals that react n Products: chemicals that are formed n e.x. sodium + oxygen à sodium oxide Na(s) + O2(g) à Na2O(s) reactants product study question 2 1. 2. Write the chemical equation for carbon (C) reacting with oxygen (O2) to form carbon dioxide (CO2) Label the reactants and products Balancing Chemical Equations The Law of Conservation of Matter: Matter cannot be created or destroyed. n For chemical equations: The total number of each type of atom must be the same before and after the reaction example n Sodium (Na) reacts with oxygen (O2) to produce sodium oxide (Na2O) Na(s) + O2(g)➜Na2O(s) How many sodium (Na) atoms react? n How many sodium (Na) atoms are in the product? n This violates the law of conservation of matter! n study question 3 C8H18(l) + O2(g) à CO2(g) + H2O(g) Count the number of Count the number of atoms on the reactants atoms on the products side side C ____ C ____ H ____ H ____ O ____ O ____ Does this equation obey the law of conservation of matter? Example: 4 Na(s) + O2(g) à 2 Na2O(s) SUBSCRIPTS CAN NOT CHANGE! You may NEVER change a formula n Coefficients are used to balance the equation n These apply to the entire formula (all the atoms) n n 4Na = 4 sodium atoms 2Na2O = 4 sodium (Na) atoms and 2 oxygen(O) atoms study question 4 CO2(g) + H2O(l) à H2CO3(aq) Count the number of Count the number of atoms on the reactants atoms on the reactants side side Carbon (C) ____ Carbon (C) ____ Oxygen (O) ____ Oxygen (O) ____ Hydrogen (H) ____ Hydrogen (H) ____ Does this equation obey the law of conservation of matter? Rules of Balancing Equations Write the equation using correct formulas. You may NOT change the formula in any way. 2. Balance the equation using coefficients 1. Balancing example: sodium and oxygen react to form sodium oxide Na + O2 à Na2O Take atomic inventory: (you must obey the Law of Conservation of Matter) Reactants: Products: Na O Na O 1 1 2 2 Problem: begin with 2 oxygen atoms(O) but end with only 1 This breaks the law of conservation of matter. Na + O2 à 2Na2O (= Na2O + Na2O) solution: Add the coefficient ‘2’ in front of Na2O Take atomic inventory again: Reactants: Na O 1 2 Products: Na O 4 2 Problem: begin with 1 sodium atom(Na) but end with 4. This breaks the law of conservation of matter. 4 Na + O2 à 2Na2O solution: Add the coefficient ‘4’ in front of Na Take atomic inventory again: Reactants: Na O 4 2 Products: Na O 4 2 4 sodium atoms combine with 1 oxygen molecule to form 2 formula units of sodium oxide. This equation obeys the Law of Conservation of Matter. study question 5 n 1. 2. 3. BALANCE THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS: H2(g) + O2(g) à H2O(l) Na2CO3(s) + HCl(aq) à NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) K2SO4(aq) + CaCl2(aq) à CaSO4(s) + KCl(l) Types of Chemical Reactions. 1. Combination. n Also called synthesis n Two or more reactants combine to form one product n e.x. 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) à 2 NaCl(s) n A + B à AB study question 6 Which equation represents a synthesis reaction? n 2Ca(s) + O2(g) à 2CaO(s) n 2KClO3(s) à 2KCl(s) + O2(g) 2. Decomposition. n One reactant decomposes to form two or more products. n 2H2O(l) à 2H2(g) + O2(g) n AB à A + B study question 7 Which equation represents a decomposition reaction? n 2Ca(s) + O2(g) à 2CaO(s) n 2KClO3(s) à 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) 3. Single Replacement. n An atom replaces an ion in a compound. n Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) à MgSO4(aq) + Cu(s) n Cl2(g) + 2KI(aq) à I2(s) + 2KCl(aq) n A + BC à AC + B study question 8 Which equation represents a single replacement reaction? • 2NaI(s) + Cl2(g) à 2NaCl(s) + I2(s) • 2NaI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) à 2NaNO3(aq) + PbI2(s) 4. Double Replacement. n Ions n Ca from different compounds switch places. CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) à CaCl2(s) + H2 CO3(aq) n AB + CD à AD + CB study question 9 Which equation represents a double replacement reaction? • 2NaI(s) + Cl2(g) à 2NaCl(s) + I2(s) • 2NaI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) à 2NaNO3(aq) + PbI2(s) 5. Combustion reactions. n n n n A compound reacts with oxygen (O2) often produces CO2 & H2O e.x. C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) à 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) Note: a combustion reaction can also be a decomposition or a combination reaction Study question 10 n Write the combustion reaction for gasoline: C8H18(l)