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Chapter 1 Activities of Science Observation - qualitative (senses) and quantitative (measurement) of the properties of an object or system. Warning!: Since observation depends on what one already knows there is a possibility that you can “observe”, even if it does not happen. (Sometimes referred to as ‘wishful thinking”.) Remedy - multiple repetitions of the same experiment by more than one person Interpretation (inference) - to understand, or explain the meaning of something Classification - grouping items according to like characteristics (regularities) Hypothesis - a temporary “explanation” for an observed regularity. Must be testable Theory - when a hypothesis has been tested many times leading to a high degree for confidence. A theory accounts for past events and accurately predicts future ones Model - a representation intended to convey information about another object or event *Neutered Ned * Bohr Model Chemistry - the branch of science concerned with properties, composition and behavior of matter Matter - anything that has mass and occupies space Mass - gives matter the property of weight and inertia Inertia - resistance to change in the motion of an object (stop, start, change direction) 1 Question: Is the glass empty? - Syringe test Question: Does light have mass? - does not respond as does air - wave/particle duality -hard to say - for this course “no” but in Physics Matter is conserved - during a reaction, matter cannot be created or destroyed only its form can be changed. Match (mass) = match burned (mass) + _________ + E heat/light smoke (CO2 + H2O) E = energy - no matter which can cause a change in matter E = mc2 (energy) (mass) Energy is conserved - during an energy conversion, there is no loss or gain of energy; however, some may become unusable, but not lost. Diagram 2 Four Physical States of Matter solid atoms locked into pattern liquid atoms close but can move past each other gas atoms fa apart, move in straight lines with elastic collisions plasma protons and electrons are stripped from nuclei; matter exists as charged particles Potential Energy - the energy of position due to gravity…consider the ‘stored energy’ in the roller coaster car. - the energy of ‘being’ - more correctly, the energy tied up in chemical bonds…consider the energy released from burning gasoline. C8H18 + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O + ENERGY * describe the potential energy of a flower 3 Kinetic Energy - the energy of “motion” or work. Kinetic energy = ½ (mass) (velocity)2 4