Download 5 21 Englightenment Revolutions Nationalism

5:21A Revolutions
Revolution defined

political revolution—the overthrow and
replacement of a govt by the people
governed

social revolution—a radical change in
society and the social structure, especially
suddenly/violently
The American Revolution

American Revolution (1776-1783)—13 British colonies break away from
England to become the independent United States of America
 Declaration
of Independence—US declares itself independent from
Britain, begins Revolutionary War
 American
patriots receive help from the French
The American Revolution
 Treaty
of Paris (1783)—ends the war,
US victory
 US
Constitution (1788)—created a
govt with three branches that
“check and balance” one another
 Bill
of Rights—10 Amendments to
the Constitution that guarantee
rights of individuals
The French Revolution

French Revolution (1789-1799)—
overthrew the French monarchy and
established a republic

Tennis Court Oath—representatives of
the 1st and 3rd estates (the National
Assembly) called for a constitution to
limit the king’s powers
The French Revolution

Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)—
angry peasants revolt in Paris and release
prisoners; National Assembly takes over
govt

Declaration of the Rights of Man—
declared basic rights of: liberty, property,
security, and resistance to oppression
The French Revolution

First French Republic (1792)—formed by radical
liberal groups like the Jacobins

Reign of Terror (1793-1794)—period when
thousands opposed to the Revolution were
guillotined

Committee of Public Safety—secret police
headed by Maximillien Robespierre

levée en masse—mass male conscription to the
military
The French Revolution

Thermidorean Reaction (1794)—moderates
take over the govt, Reign of Terror ends

French Revolution resulted in deep feelings
of nationalism across all of Europe
Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)—Haiti
becomes independent from France


only successful slave rebellion in history, led
by gens de couleur
Toussaint L’Ouverture (1791-1803)—general of
the rebellion, declared himself governor for life

granted equality and land to all former
slaves
War of Mexican Independence

War of Mexican Independence (1810-21)—
Mexico becomes independent from Spain, led
by peasant farmers
The Battle of Gonzales, TX (October 2, 1835)
War of Mexican Independence

Battle of the Alamo (1836)—Mexican caudillo
(military dictator) Santa Anna kill rebels in Texas
who wanted independence from Mexico

Mexican-American War (1846-48)—dispute
over border between US and Mexico, settled
at Rio Grande

Benito Juarez (1858-72)—popular president,
created a constitution
Latin American Revolutions

Latin American revolutions were led
largely by creole landowners, not slaves
seeking independence

Símon Bolívar (1813-1830)—led northern
colonies in South America to
independence from Spain

Gran Columbia: union of Venezuela,
Columbia, and Ecuador

Manuela Sáenz (1826)—influential
girlfriend of Bolívar, ”Liberator of the
Liberator”
Latin American Revolutions

José de San Martín (1821-1850)—led
southern colonies in South America to
independence from Spain


Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru
Dom Pedro I (1822-1831)—institutes a
constitutional monarchy in Brazil,
peaceful independence from
Portugal
5:21B Enlightenment and Nationalism
The Enlightenment

Enlightenment (1715-1798)—
people should use reason and
experience (rather than religion
and tradition) to understand the
world
 natural
laws govern politics and
society (social contracts)
The Enlightenment

“The Age of –Isms”
 nationalism—intense
loyalty to
others who share ones language
and culture
 liberalism—favors
change
progress and
 conservatism—favors
tradition
The Enlightenment

philosophes: Enlightenment-era philosophers
 Jefferson,
Franklin, Wollstonecraft,
Montesquieu, Diderot, Voltaire, Rousseau

salons—in-home gatherings where philosophes
would talk, organized by upperclass women

physiocrats—economic philosophers
 Adam
Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776)—
argued for abandoning mercantilism for a
laissez-faire economy
The Enlightenment

Deism—claims that God created the world
and natural laws, and is no longer
controlling human behavior
 Thomas
Paine’s Age of Reason (1794)
and Common Sense (1776)
 God
as a “divine clockmaker”
The Enlightenment

Enlightened Despots—monarchs who had
progressive goals, but tyrannical methods
 promoted
expansion, industry, education,
religious toleration
 used
 ex:
secret police to suppress dissenters
Napoleon, Catherine the Great,
Victoria, Frederick the Great of Prussia,
Maria Theresa of Austria
The Enlightenment

In Asia, rulers became more despotic as
they lost territory and prestige
 Ottoman
Sultan Selim III (1789-1807)
executed by conservative Janissaries
and the ulama
The French Revolution

Birth of Feminism
 feminism—the
belief that both sexes are
socially, politically, and economically equal
 Mary
Wollenstonecraft’s Vindication of the
Rights of Women (1792)—argues women
should have an education fit for their
position in society
 Hannah
More’s maternal feminism—as
mothers, women have a place in politics
 goals:
voting rights, education, safe working
conditions for women and children
Napoleon


Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte (1804-1815)—
Enlightened despotic emperor, undid many
of the reforms of the French Revolution

Napoleonic Code—all citizens equal under
the law, trial by jury

Public schools, merit based govt and military,
made peace with the Pope
Napoleon’s downfall: Peninsular Campaign,
invasion of Russia
Monarchies Retain Power


Congress of Vienna (1815)—major European
nations sought to restrict liberal revolutions and
bring back stable monarchies, “balance of
power”

Ended Napoleonic Wars throughout Europe

Napoleon exiled to Island of Elba
Revolutions of 1848—led by nationalist
workers in France, Italy, Austria, and Prussia
for greater democracy

monarchies win, balance of power maintained
Nationalism and Unification

Nationalism was a unifying force to form new
countries in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and
Asia

Italian Unification (1815-1871)—Italian provinces
unite as the Kingdom of Italy, capital at Rome


realpolitik—a system of politics based on practical
rather than ideological considerations

many poor Italians immigrate to the US and Argentina
German Unification (1871)—Holy Roman Empire
provinces unite under Kaiser Wilhelm I and
chancellor Otto von Bismarck
Nationalism and Unification

Zionism (1897)—desire for Jews to reestablish and
independent nation in the Holy Land, led by Theodor
Herzl

Dreyfus Affair (1894)—French military officer Alfred Dreyfus
falsely accused of treason, anti-Semitism

Philippine Revolution (1896-1898)—Filippinos gain
independence from Spain

Liberia (1821)—a West African country of freed slaves
from the US and native Africans (under US control till
1847)