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History Department Key Words Abbey- a large monastery AD- stands for Anno Domini which means ‘in the year of the Lord’. It is used for the dates after the birth of Christ Agricultural- things to do with farming Anglo-Saxons- Invaders from Germany who ruled from about 500 to 1066 Archbishop- a powerful church leader Archers- members of the army who used long bows/cross bows to fire arrows at the enemy Bailey- A large courtyard surrounded by a fence, part of a castle Baron- a powerful lord who was granted land by the king (see Feudal System) Battle- a single fight between two or more armies, it could last from a few hours to several days BC- Before Christ; BC years are counted backwards from the birth of Christ, so 200BC came before 100BC Bubonic- One of the two types of plague in the Black Death Cavalry- a section of an army on horseback usually leads the charge in a battle Census- an official count of the population as a country Charter- a written agreement or set of promises Chivalry- a special code of behaviour for knights Chronological order- the order in which events happened, starting with the earliest Church Court- A court usually for priests, which gave lighter sentences Church- This can mean one building or an entire Christian community, such as the Roman Catholic Church Civil War- war that takes place within a country between two different groups Clergy- all the people appointed to do religious duties e.g. priests, monks, nuns House of Commons- representatives of ordinary people in Parliament Concentric Castle- A type of medieval castle with rounded towers and different height walls, it was easier to defend Key Stage 3: Year 7 Constable- a man in charge ofa group of watchmen, whose job was keeping law and order in a town or village Continuity- the unbroken and consistent existence of something over time Disbanded- broken up as a group Disease- illness or sickness, usually caused by infection Dowry- money or gifts given to a husband by his wife’s family after marriage Earl- a powerful noble man Evidence- information that helps a person to form an opinion Excommunicated- this is when someone is banned from going to church or being a part of the Christian religion- a terrible punishment usually given by the Pope, in the Middle Ages as it meant you would go to hell when you died. Feudal system- a system of dividing up the land; men received land in return for offering to fight for their lord or king Flagellants- People who whipped themselves in order to ask God for forgiveness for their sins Freeman- a person who is free from his duties to his lord Fyrd- King Harold’s ordinary/part-time soldiers Heir- the next in line to the throne Homage- a promise of loyalty to the king Housecarl- King Harold’s best professional soldiers Industrial Revolution- the time of great change when people began to make goods in factories using machines Infer- to suggest Interpretation- explaining the meaning of something Intolerance- lack of respect for people who are different in some way Invade- to bring an army into a country to try and control it Isolated- left in a dangerous position without enough help History Department Key Words Jury- a group of people who decide of a person is guilty or innocent of a crime Keep- The strongest part of a castle Knights- men who promised to fight for their lord Lance- a weapon; a long spear usually tipped with steel Latin- an ancient Roman language, still popular in the Middle Ages Leeches- blood-sucking creatures (they look like slugs) used in medieval medicine Looting- stealing Loyalty- faithfulness; if a person promised loyalty, they promised to support someone Manufacturer- a factory owner or someone who produces goods Manuscripts- Books written by hand by monks Massacred- A large number of people killed Medieval / Middle Ages- a period of time, usually from around AD 1000-1500 Monarch- the King or Queen Monastery- A building where monks live Monk- a man who has dedicated his life to worshipping God Motte- a large mound of earth on which a keep of a castle is usually built Negotiate- to discuss until you reach an agreement Norman- a man from Normandy, Northern France Ordeal- a medieval way of finding out if a person was guilty of a crime or not Pardons- special letters that forgive a person for a crime Parliament- the body of Lords and Commons set up to rule the country with the king Patriotic- Loyal to your own country Pilgrim- a person who makes a journey to a Holy place Pilgrimage- a religious journey Pneumonic- one of the two types of plague in the Black Death, it affected the lungs Key Stage 3: Year 7 Poll tax- a tax that everyone pays; people all paid the same amount no matter what they could afford Pope- the head/leader of the Catholic Church Reign- a period of time that a king rules the country for Retreating- an army that is retreating is going back because they realise they cannot win the battle Revolt- another word for rebellion or uprising Saint- a person who, after they have died, is considered by the Church to be especially good Sanctuary- a safe place, such as a church Shield wall- a long line of shields linked together in battle Shrine- a Holy place visited by pilgrims, often the tomb of a saint Significant- important Sinner- someone who does something against the laws of the Church Source- a piece of evidence Spears- long pointed weapons Treason- to do something against the monarch such as try and take over or kill them Tudor Rose- the emblem (symbol) created by Henry Tudor (Henry VII) that is a mixture of the white York rose and the red Lancaster rose Vikings- invaders from Denmark, Sweden or Norway Villein- a peasant War- a state of ongoing conflict between different countries or different groups within a country; it is made up of many battles and can last for years. Witan- before the Normans arrived in England, this was a group of the most important bishops and earls who advised the king Workhouse- a place where poor people were forced to live and work if they wanted to be given food, clothing and shelter