Download Chapter 5 Tissues Summary

SUBJECT: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1
BIOL 2401
Chapter 5 - Tissues
Tissue Types:
1.
Overview of tissues There are 4 types:
A. Epithelium
B. Connective
C. Muscle
D. Nervous
II. Epithelium.
A. Characteristics:
i.
tightly packed cells
ii. cells have polarity - apical end (surface) and basal end (basement
membrane)
iii. no extracellular matrix (ECM)
iv. little blood supply
v. highly innervated (nerves)
vi. high regeneration capacity
B. Classification;
i.
How many layers? Simple - 1; or stratified ≥ 2
ii. Shape of cell
a. flat -squamous
b. square(cube) - cuboidal
c. tall slender- columnar
C. Examples- see Table 1 p. 5. (I made it super easy !)
D. Glands (Skip simple vs compound glands)
i.
Endocrine -secrete into blood, no ducts, action is distant. ex. thyroid
ii. Exocrine - secrete onto surface via a duct, action local. ex. sweat glands
a. Secretory part called acinus; tube for delivery is a duct.
b. Merocrine - secrete by exocytosis (vesicles). ex. pancreas, salivary, sweat
c. Apocrine - secrete by pinching off some cytoplasm. ex. mammary, sweat
d. Holocrine - secretes by whole cell rupturing. ex. oil (sebaceous) glands
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DR. DAVID L. COX
SUBJECT: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1
BIOL 2401
III. Connective Tissue
A. Characteristics:
i.
MOST abundant and diverse of 4 groups
ii. loosely packed cells- cells rarely touch
iii. lots of extracellular matrix (ECM)
iv. large blood supply in most, but not all
B. Functions - examples:
i.
support- bones, cartilage
ii. protection - bones, fat tissue (cushion)
iii. immunity- macrophages, plasma cells, T-cells, etc
iv. bind organs - tendons & ligaments
v. storage- fat (adipose), Ca and phosphate in bones.
C. Classification (Groups) see Table 5.8, p166
D. Connective tissue Proper
i.
Loose Connective Tissue (lots of ground substance)
a. Areolar i) lots of ECM,
ii) fibers -collagen, elastin, reticular. Collagen one of the most abundant
proteins in the body.
iii) collagen made by fibroblasts (very abundant)
iv) lots of ground substance = water + proteins
v) adipocytes, and macrophages also resident cells
vi) location- dermis of the skin
b. Adipose (fat)
i) stores fat for energy
ii) resident cells adipocytes
iii) also insulates and cushions some organs.
iv) location- subcutaneous layers of the skin, around eyeball and other
organs.
c. Reticular
i) support of lymphatic organs
ii) provides the stroma of spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, etc
ii) Dense Connective Tissue (little ground substance)
PAGE 2 OF 6
DR. DAVID L. COX
SUBJECT: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1
BIOL 2401
a. Dense regular
i) all the fibers parallel and aligned (lasagna noodles)
ii) designed for stress in 1 direction
iii) location - tendons and ligaments
b. Dense irregular
i) fibers going in every direction
ii) designed for stress in many directions
iii) location - dermis of skin, periosteum of bones, cartilage
c. Elastic connective tissue
i) high concentration of elastic fibers
ii) designed for stretching and recoil
iii) location - lines blood vessels, and trachea
E. Supportive Connective tissue
i.
Cartilage (low blood supply- avascular)
a. forms fetal skeleton, provides support b. resident calls called chondrocytes; in spaces called lacunae.
c. 3 types:
i) hyaline cartilage - most abundant; locations: ends of bones that form
joints; trachea.
ii) fibrocartilage -has lots of collagen fibers-tough- vertebral discs.
iii) elastic cartilage- lost of elastic fibers, ear lobe and epiglottis.
ii. Bone (much blood supply- vascular)
a. Functions: forms skeleton, provides support, stores Ca and phosphate,
makes blood cells
b. resident calls called osteocytes in spaces also called lacunae.
c. basic unit of bone is the osteon; consists of concentric rings (lamellae)
surrounding a central canal that has blood vessel and nerve.
d. inside bones are stem cells that have hemopoietic (blood cell formation)
activity
F. Fluid Connective tissue
i.
Blood (comes from bones)
a. provides transport (O2, CO2, nutrients, waste); and immunity
b. Some key cells:
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DR. DAVID L. COX
SUBJECT: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1
BIOL 2401
i) macrophages - major phagocyte that engulf foreign organisms and
debris. Neutrophils are the other major phagocyte.
ii) lymphoctyte - B-cells become plasma cells and secrete antibodies: T-
cells also fight virus infected cells and tumors.
iii) erythrocytes- most abundant, carry O2, CO2,
iv) basophil (Mast) cells secrete heparin and or histamine which can
constrict or dilate blood vessels.
ii. Plasma (comes from blood)
a. plasma is blood without all the cells; primarily the liquid portion.
b. lymph is derived from plasma that leaks into tissues, is collected by the
lymphatic system and returned to the bloodstream.
IV. Muscle Tissue
A. Characteristics:
i.
can contract
ii. some voluntary, some involuntary
iii. 3 types:
a. Skeletal muscle - (moves bones)
i) majority of muscle tissue.
ii) voluntary
iii) striated cells
iv) multiple nuclei
b. Cardiac muscle - (only in the heart- pumps blood)
i) involuntary
ii) striated, branched cells
iii) has intercalated discs a special gap junction between cells
iv) 1 or 2 nuclei
c. Smooth muscle - (moves or propels materials)
i) involuntary
ii) not striated
iii) walls of hollow organs like the large and small intestines, stomach,
bladder, walls of blood vessels, etc
V. Nervous Tissue
A. Characteristics:
i.
can conduct and receive impulses
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DR. DAVID L. COX
SUBJECT: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1
BIOL 2401
ii. Neurons - conducting cells.
a. dendrite receives impulse.
b. axon carries it to another neuron, muscle, or gland cell.
c. nucleus and organelles in the cell body of the neuron
iii. Glial cells
a. support neurons - example Schwann cells.
VI. Organs
A. Made of multiple types of tissues.
B. Example: stomach has epithelium, connective tissue, muscle and nervous tissue.
VII.
Classification of body membranes
Epithelial: simple organs, epithelium, and connective tissue components.
A.
Cutaneous (the scan): epidermis (stratified Squanto 7 PM) underlined by the
dermis (dense connective tissue); protects body surface.
B. Mucous: apathy or sheet underlain by lamina propria (Arielle or connective
tissue) called on lines body cavities open to the exterior.
C. Serous: simple squamous epithelium resting on a scant connective tissue layer;
lines the ventral body cavity.
VIII. SKIP Tissue development and Aging
PAGE 5 OF 6
DR. DAVID L. COX
SUBJECT: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1
BIOL 2401
TABLE 1 Types of Epithelial Cells
Epithelium
Functions
Locations
diffusion, filtration
lung alveoli, lines
blood vessels
Simple cuboidal
absorption, secretion
kidney tubules, secretory
part most exocrine glands
Simple columnar
absorption, secretion
lines digestive tract,
secretion, move mucous
bronchioles, fallopian tubes
protection
very rare - male urethra
secretion, move mucous
trachea
Stratified squamous
protection
mouth, larynx, esophagus
Stratified squamous, keratinized
protection
epidermis
Stratified cuboidal
protection
ducts of most exocrine
glands
Stratified columnar
protection
salivary glands
distention - stretching
bladder, uterus
Simple squamous
Simple columnar, ciliated
Pseudostratified
Pseudostratified, ciliated
Transitional
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DR. DAVID L. COX